Adverbs of frequency answer quantas vezes? — how often? They range from absolute sempre (always) through vague às vezes (sometimes) to absolute nunca (never), plus a rich middle band of periphrases like de vez em quando and frequentemente that color the exact shade of sometimes you mean.
Two things make this topic trickier in Portuguese than in English. First, the double negation rule: nunca combined with a pre-verbal não (não vou nunca) is standard, not ungrammatical. Second, the conjunction sempre que triggers different moods — future subjunctive for future time, indicative for habit — and getting this right is a reliable marker of real command.
The frequency scale
A rough ladder from absolute-always to absolute-never:
| Portuguese | English | Rough % | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
| sempre | always | 100% | neutral |
| quase sempre | almost always | ~90% | neutral |
| habitualmente / normalmente / geralmente | usually | ~75% | neutral |
| frequentemente / muitas vezes | frequently, often | ~70% | neutral |
| com frequência | often (lit. 'with frequency') | ~70% | slightly formal |
| às vezes / por vezes | sometimes | ~40% | neutral |
| de vez em quando | from time to time | ~30% | neutral |
| de quando em quando / de quando em vez | now and again | ~25% | slightly literary |
| raramente / raras vezes | rarely | ~10% | neutral |
| quase nunca | almost never | ~5% | neutral |
| nunca | never | 0% | neutral |
| jamais | never (emphatic) | 0% | emphatic / literary |
Sempre — always
Sempre is invariable and high-frequency. Besides always, it also functions in PT-PT as a confirmatory adverb meaning in fact, after all, so you are going ahead with it — a use that often confuses learners.
Bebo sempre café ao pequeno-almoço.
I always have coffee for breakfast.
Ela está sempre a trabalhar.
She's always working. (continuous habit)
Afinal sempre vens connosco?
So are you coming with us after all? (PT-PT confirmatory sempre)
Sempre fui à reunião, mas não valeu a pena.
I did end up going to the meeting, but it wasn't worth it. (confirmatory)
Sempre que — whenever / every time that
Sempre que is a conjunction with a critical mood split:
- Future time → future subjunctive (sempre que vieres, whenever you come).
- Habit in general → indicative (sempre que vem, every time he comes).
Sempre que vieres a Lisboa, avisa-me.
Whenever you come to Lisbon, let me know. (future → future subjunctive *vieres*)
Sempre que ela vem cá, traz bolo.
Every time she comes here, she brings cake. (habit → indicative *vem*)
Sempre que sair cedo, passo no café.
Whenever I leave early, I drop by the café. (future subj. *sair*)
This mood split is a classic PT-PT grammar marker and appears with several other conjunctions (quando, assim que, enquanto, se, logo que) — the full treatment is in the future subjunctive pages.
Nunca, jamais — never
Nunca is the standard word for never. Jamais is an emphatic synonym, more literary or emotional — think never ever. Both require a specific negation pattern.
Double negation: the rule
If a negative adverb (nunca, jamais, nada, ninguém) sits after the verb, Portuguese requires a pre-verbal não. If it sits before the verb, não is not used.
Nunca vou ao cinema ao domingo.
I never go to the cinema on Sunday. (nunca pre-verbal, no não)
Não vou nunca ao cinema ao domingo.
I never go to the cinema on Sunday. (nunca post-verbal, não required)
Jamais esquecerei aquele dia.
I will never forget that day. (emphatic, literary)
Não esqueço jamais aquele dia.
I never forget that day. (same, with post-verbal jamais and pre-verbal não)
Nunca vs jamais
Nunca is the everyday choice. Jamais is for emphasis, oaths, and more literary registers.
Nunca provei bacalhau antes de vir para Portugal.
I'd never tried salt cod before coming to Portugal.
Jamais trairia um amigo, nem que me pagassem.
I would never betray a friend, not even if they paid me. (emphatic oath)
Nunca mais voltei àquele restaurante.
I never went back to that restaurant. (nunca mais = 'never again', extremely common PT-PT)
Frequentemente, muitas vezes, com frequência
All three mean often or frequently, at different registers.
- frequentemente — the -mente adverb, neutral but slightly formal in speech.
- muitas vezes — the everyday choice in spoken PT-PT.
- com frequência — the prepositional phrase, slightly formal.
Vou muitas vezes àquele café em Alfama.
I often go to that café in Alfama. (default spoken PT-PT)
Ela viaja frequentemente em trabalho.
She frequently travels for work.
Visito os meus avós com frequência.
I visit my grandparents often.
Às vezes vs por vezes
Both mean sometimes, but PT-PT draws a subtle distinction:
- às vezes — the neutral, everyday word. Use this by default.
- por vezes — slightly more reflective or written. Common in essays, opinion pieces, and careful speech. Carries a faint on occasion flavor.
Às vezes vou a pé, outras vezes de autocarro.
Sometimes I walk, other times I take the bus.
Por vezes pergunto-me se valeu a pena mudar de cidade.
Sometimes I wonder if it was worth moving to a new city. (reflective)
Às vezes apetece-me comer chocolate depois do almoço.
Sometimes I feel like eating chocolate after lunch.
Raramente, raras vezes
Raramente is the standard rarely. Raras vezes is the slightly more literary variant.
Raramente saio à noite durante a semana.
I rarely go out at night during the week.
Raras vezes ouvi uma interpretação tão comovente.
Rarely have I heard such a moving performance. (literary)
De vez em quando, de quando em quando
De vez em quando is a staple PT-PT phrase meaning from time to time. De quando em quando (and the rarer de quando em vez) is its slightly more literary twin.
De vez em quando vamos jantar fora aos sábados.
From time to time we go out for dinner on Saturdays.
De quando em quando vem ter comigo para falar.
Now and again he comes to me to talk.
Habitualmente, normalmente, geralmente
Three near-synonyms for usually. Used almost interchangeably, with tiny stylistic preferences: habitualmente leans slightly formal, normalmente is the everyday default in modern PT-PT, geralmente is neutral.
Normalmente almoço por volta do meio-dia.
I usually have lunch around midday.
Habitualmente, as reuniões começam às nove.
Typically, meetings start at nine.
Geralmente ele chega antes de mim.
He generally arrives before me.
Expressing countable frequency
Portuguese builds countable frequencies on vez (time, occurrence).
Vou ao ginásio uma vez por semana.
I go to the gym once a week.
Li este livro duas vezes, ainda me emociona.
I've read this book twice — it still moves me.
Todos os dias apanho o comboio das sete.
Every day I catch the seven o'clock train.
Todas as semanas ligo à minha mãe.
Every week I call my mother.
Uma vez por mês saímos com os amigos.
Once a month we go out with friends.
Note that por signals the "per" unit (uma vez por semana — once per week).
Quantifiers with vezes
- muitas vezes — often, many times
- poucas vezes — few times
- várias vezes — several times
- raras vezes — rarely
- algumas vezes — sometimes
Já te disse várias vezes que não posso.
I've told you several times that I can't.
Poucas vezes vi um espetáculo tão bem montado.
Few times have I seen such a well-staged show.
Position of frequency adverbs
Frequency adverbs are unusually flexible in where they can sit. Four possible positions, each with slightly different emphasis:
- Clause-initial — topicalizes the frequency. Às vezes vou ao cinema.
- Pre-verbal (before a main verb) — less common in PT-PT than BR; reserve for literary effect. Nunca conseguirei esquecer-te.
- Post-verbal — the most common position in everyday PT-PT. Vou sempre ao café às sete.
- Clause-final — emphasizes the frequency, or adds it as an afterthought. Vou ao café às sete sempre.
Às vezes fico em casa ao fim de semana.
Sometimes I stay home on weekends. (clause-initial)
Fico em casa às vezes ao fim de semana.
I stay home sometimes on weekends. (post-verbal)
Ela telefona sempre aos domingos.
She always calls on Sundays. (post-verbal — default PT-PT)
Nunca vi tal coisa.
I've never seen such a thing. (pre-verbal with nunca, standard)
Jamais vs nunca — the emphasis scale
Jamais carries a stronger, more absolute flavor than nunca. Compare:
Nunca te menti.
I've never lied to you. (factual statement)
Jamais te mentiria.
I would never lie to you. (oath, emotional emphasis)
In modern PT-PT speech, nunca covers almost all territory. Jamais is reserved for solemn declarations, literary style, and fixed expressions like jamais na vida (never in my life) or jamais e em tempo algum (never ever).
Jamais na vida aceitaria tal proposta.
Not in a million years would I accept such an offer.
Duration-style frequencies
Some frequency-like expressions cross into duration:
- todo / a vida (all one's life) — toda a vida quis visitar o Japão
- todos os dias / todas as semanas — every day / every week
- dia sim, dia não — every other day (PT-PT idiom)
Toda a vida sonhei em ir ao Japão.
I've dreamed my whole life of going to Japan.
Ele vai ao ginásio dia sim, dia não.
He goes to the gym every other day.
Common mistakes
❌ Eu não vou nunca não.
Incorrect — a single *não* before the verb is enough with post-verbal *nunca*. Don't add a second *não*.
✅ Eu não vou nunca.
I never go.
❌ Ninguém não veio.
Incorrect — when the negative word is pre-verbal, no *não* is used. (English-speaker transfer error.)
✅ Ninguém veio.
Nobody came.
❌ Sempre que vês o João, cumprimenta-o.
Wrong mood — *sempre que* with future/hypothetical time takes the future subjunctive, not the present indicative. Use *vires*.
✅ Sempre que vires o João, cumprimenta-o.
Whenever you (happen to) see João, say hi.
❌ Sempre vens amanhã?
If you mean 'do you always come tomorrow?', this is wrong — the sentence actually reads as the PT-PT confirmatory 'so you *are* coming tomorrow after all?' Know which reading you want.
✅ Vens sempre às terças?
Do you always come on Tuesdays? (for the 'always' reading, put *sempre* after the verb)
❌ Eu jamais fiz nada.
Correct grammatically but stylistically heavy — *jamais* plus *nada* sounds operatic. In normal speech, use *nunca*.
✅ Eu nunca fiz nada.
I've never done anything.
❌ Vou para o ginásio uma vez a semana.
Incorrect preposition — the 'per' sense is *por*, not *a*.
✅ Vou ao ginásio uma vez por semana.
I go to the gym once a week.
❌ Ele frequentemente vai ao café.
Awkward word order — pre-verbal *frequentemente* sounds translated. Post-verb is natural.
✅ Ele vai frequentemente ao café.
He often goes to the café.
❌ Às vezes eu por vezes saio tarde.
Tautological — you've used both synonyms in one sentence. Pick one.
✅ Por vezes saio tarde.
At times I go out late.
Key takeaways
- Memorize the frequency scale and its register cues: por vezes is a touch more reflective than às vezes; jamais is more emphatic than nunca.
- Double negation is mandatory when nunca / jamais / nada / ninguém is post-verbal: não vou nunca. When pre-verbal, não drops: nunca vou.
- Sempre que triggers the future subjunctive for future events, indicative for habits.
- Confirmatory sempre (sempre vens?) is a PT-PT quirk that has nothing to do with always.
- Post-verbal is the default position for most frequency adverbs; pre-verbal is the default for nunca.
- PT-PT speakers use muitas vezes in speech where textbooks give frequentemente.
Related Topics
- Adverbs OverviewA2 — Introduction to Portuguese adverbs — what they are, the main semantic classes, how they are formed, and how European Portuguese adverbs differ from their English equivalents.
- Adverbs of TimeA1 — Portuguese time adverbs — hoje, ontem, amanhã, agora, já, ainda, sempre, nunca — with the nuances that make them tricky for English speakers.
- Adverbial PhrasesB1 — Multi-word adverbial expressions (locuções adverbiais) in European Portuguese — how they are built, the most common ones by category, when they replace -mente adverbs, and the colloquial reflex that makes PT-PT speech sound native.
- Adverb Placement RulesA2 — Where Portuguese adverbs actually go, organised by type — manner, frequency, time, place, degree, and sentence adverbs — with the practical defaults, the allowed alternatives, and the mistakes English speakers make most often.
- Double Negation (Não...nada, Não...ninguém)A2 — Using negative words with não — why Portuguese stacks negatives without cancelling them, the full list of paired constructions, and how to handle triple and quadruple negation.
- Future Subjunctive with Quando and Temporal ConjunctionsB1 — How European Portuguese uses the future subjunctive (futuro do conjuntivo) after quando, assim que, logo que, enquanto, sempre que, mal, depois que, and até — the tense that anchors unrealised future events in time clauses.