Breakdown of Diğer otobüs de bozulmuştur ki henüz gelmedi.
otobüs
bus
gelmek
to come
de
too, also (de/da) / even if (concessive particle after conditional) / and (linking clauses)
bozulmak
to break down / to spoil
Questions & Answers about Diğer otobüs de bozulmuştur ki henüz gelmedi.
How does bozulmuştur translate to "must have broken down"?
The verb bozulmak (to break down) gets the evidential past suffix -muş, which is normally used for things we didn't see happen. Then we add the epistemic suffix -tur (the focus of this lesson). When -tır/-tir/-tur/-tür is added to -mış, it changes the meaning from "I heard it broke down" to a strong assumption or deduction: "It must have broken down."
What is the function of ki in this sentence?
Here, ki connects the assumption ("it must have broken down") with the evidence for it ("it hasn't arrived yet"). You can translate it as "seeing as," "given that," or "because." It is a handy way to link a deduction to the clue that caused you to make that deduction.
Is de acting as "too" here?
Yes! Because it is written as a separate word, it is the particle meaning "also" or "too," not the locative suffix (which would mean "at" or "in" and would be attached directly to the word). It tells us that another bus probably broke down before this one did.
Why does the English translation say "hasn't arrived" when gelmedi is simple past ("didn't arrive")?
Turkish doesn't have an exact equivalent to the English present perfect tense ("has not arrived"). For an action that didn't happen in the past and still hasn't happened up to now, Turkish simply uses the past tense with -di (here, the negative past -medi). Words like henüz (yet) help make the timeframe clear.