Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

### The Direct Past Tense (-DI)

To talk about completed actions in the past, Turkish uses the direct past tense suffix. To form it, remove the **-mak** or **-mek** from the dictionary form of the verb to get the verb stem. Then, attach the past tense suffix **-dı / -di / -du / -dü**, which changes according to 4-way vowel harmony.

For the third-person singular ("he," "she," or "it"), this is all you need—no additional personal ending is attached. It is also used for "they" when the subject is stated.

{{item:791368}}

{{item:791378}}

{{item:791381}}

You can easily link past tense verbs in a sequence to describe a chain of events.

{{item:791379}}

### Consonant Assimilation

Just like with the past copula, if the verb stem ends in a voiceless consonant (**ç, f, h, k, p, s, ş, t**), the **d** in the suffix hardens into a **t**. The past tense suffix then becomes **-tı / -ti / -tu / -tü**.

{{item:791383}}

{{item:791386}}

{{item:791387}}

The direct past tense (-DI)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
sun	güneş
to rise / to be born	doğmak
The sun rose.	Güneş doğdu.
At what time did the sun rise?	Güneş saat kaçta doğdu?
suddenly	aniden
to drop	düşürmek
The child suddenly dropped the toy.	Çocuk aniden oyuncağı düşürdü.
to break	kırmak
The cat suddenly broke a glass.	Kedi aniden bir bardak kırdı.
to smile	gülümsemek
The teacher smiled because he understood.	Öğretmen gülümsedi çünkü anladı.
to answer	cevaplamak
The student answered the question.	Öğrenci soruyu cevapladı.
The doctor answered the question and smiled.	Doktor soruyu cevapladı ve gülümsedi.
to remember	hatırlamak
The man suddenly remembered.	Adam aniden hatırladı.
to notice	fark etmek
The manager noticed a problem.	Müdür bir problem fark etti.
The woman dropped her wallet and the police noticed.	Kadın cüzdanını düşürdü ve polis fark etti.
to share	paylaşmak
They shared an apple.	Onlar bir elmayı paylaştı.
My father remembered a story and told it.	Babam bir hikâye hatırladı ve anlattı.
The baby is not sleeping because he dropped his toy.	Bebek uyumuyor çünkü oyuncağını düşürdü.
The man's child broke the window.	Adamın çocuğu camı kırdı.
The sun rose for us today.	Güneş bugün bizim için doğdu.
The student shared the book.	Öğrenci kitabı paylaştı.
The man came too.	Adam da geldi.
to die	ölmek
The cat died yesterday.	Kedi dün öldü.
This tree died.	Bu ağaç öldü.