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### Spatial Postpositions

In Turkish, you express location using noun compounds that literally translate to "at the top of" or "at the inside of."

To say "on the table" (literally: *at the table's top*), build the phrase in three steps:

1. Add the **Genitive** suffix (`-(n)ın`, `-(n)in`, `-(n)un`, `-(n)ün`) to the reference object (**masa**).
2. Add the **Possessive** suffix (`-ı`, `-i`, `-u`, `-ü`) to the spatial word (**üst**).
3. Insert the buffer **n**, then add the **Locative** suffix (`-da`, `-de`).

- **masa** + **nın** (the table's) + **üst** + **ü** (top) + **n** + **de** (at) = **masanın üstünde** (on the table)

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### Top, Bottom, and Inside

Here are the most common spatial nouns:

- **üst** (top) -> **üstünde** (on)
- **alt** (bottom) -> **altında** (under)
- **iç** (inside) -> **içinde** (in / inside)

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### Consonant Mutation

When adding a suffix that starts with a vowel (like the genitive case) to a noun ending in **k**, the **k** often softens to **ğ**. For example, **yastık** (pillow) becomes **yastığın**, and **koltuk** (armchair) becomes **koltuğun**.

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### Next to, In Front, Behind

Other spatial words like **yan** (side), **arka** (back), and **ön** (front) follow the exact same structure.

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Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
watch	saat
Where is the watch?	Saat nerede?
top	üst
The watch is on the table.	Saat masanın üstünde.
rug	halı
bottom	alt
The key is under the rug.	Anahtar halının altında.
toy	oyuncak
The toy is in the box.	Oyuncak kutunun içinde.
drawer	çekmece
The wallet is in the drawer.	Cüzdan çekmecenin içinde.
pillow	yastık
The phone is under the pillow.	Telefon yastığın altında.
The cat is sleeping on the pillow.	Kedi yastığın üstünde uyuyor.
lamp	lamba
armchair	koltuk
The lamp is next to the armchair.	Lamba koltuğun yanında.
Where is the toy?	Oyuncak nerede?
The child is sitting behind the armchair.	Çocuk koltuğun arkasında oturuyor.
front	ön
The dog is standing in front of the car.	Köpek arabanın önünde duruyor.
The rug is under the table.	Halı masanın altında.
The toy is not in the drawer.	Oyuncak çekmecenin içinde değil.
The umbrella is next to the door.	Şemsiye kapının yanında.
The student is in front of the school.	Öğrenci okulun önünde.
The lamp is on the table.	Lamba masanın üstünde.
inside, within	içinde
The toy is inside the drawer.	Oyuncak çekmecenin içinde.
Is the pen inside the bag?	Kalem çantanın içinde mi?
the outside, exterior	dış
There is a dog outside the building.	Binanın dışında bir köpek var.
The outside of the house is very cold, the inside is warm.	Evin dışı çok soğuk, içi sıcak.
tip, end	uç
There is a supermarket at the end of the street.	Sokağın ucunda bir market var.
I am looking at the tip of the pen.	Kalemin ucuna bakıyorum.
on (top of); about	üzerinde
There are two cups on the table.	Masanın üzerinde iki fincan var.
A cat is sleeping on the bed.	Yatağın üzerinde bir kedi uyuyor.
between, among	arasında
The bank is between the school and the hospital.	Banka, okul ve hastane arasında.
There is a bird among the trees.	Ağaçların arasında bir kuş var.
on top of, above	üstünde
The book is on top of the table.	Kitap masanın üstünde.
The lamp is above the bed.	Lamba yatağın üstünde.
in front of	önünde
The car is in front of the house.	Araba evin önünde.
The cat is waiting in front of the door.	Kedi kapının önünde bekliyor.
into (motion inward)	içine
I am putting the pen into the bag.	Kalemi çantanın içine koyuyorum.
The dog is going into the garden.	Köpek bahçenin içine giriyor.
outside (of)	dışında
The children are playing outside the school.	Çocuklar okulun dışında oynuyor.
There is a big park outside the city.	Şehrin dışında büyük bir park var.

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