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Questions & Answers about Lamba masanın üstünde.
Why does masa (table) change to masanın here?
In Turkish, spatial words like üst (top) work like possessions. You are literally saying "at the table's top". To do this, masa gets the genitive ending -nın (meaning "of the" or "'s").
What are all the suffixes at the end of üstünde?
The root word is üst (top). First, it gets the possessive ending -ü to mean "its top". Then we add the location ending -de (in/at/on) to say "at its top". Whenever we add a location ending directly after a possessive ending, we must use the buffer letter -n- in between, giving us üst-ü-n-de.
Where is the word for "is" in this sentence?
There isn't one! In Turkish, you don't need a separate verb for "to be" (am/is/are) to say where something is. The "is" is simply understood from the context.
How do we know it means "The lamp" instead of "A lamp"?
Turkish doesn't have a direct translation for the word "the". When a noun is the subject of a sentence and doesn't have the word bir (a/an) in front of it, it is usually understood as specific. So lamba naturally translates to "the lamp" here.