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### Two-Way Vowel Harmony

Turkish is built on "vowel harmony." Suffixes change to match the sounds of the word they attach to, making pronunciation flow smoothly.

The foundational rule is **Two-Way Vowel Harmony**. Turkish vowels are split into two groups:

- **Back vowels:** a, ı, o, u
- **Front vowels:** e, i, ö, ü

When a suffix follows the two-way harmony rule, it uses **a** if the word's last vowel is a back vowel, and **e** if it is a front vowel.

### Forming Plurals with -lar / -ler

To make a noun plural, attach **-lar** or **-ler** based on the last vowel of the noun:

- Last vowel is **a, ı, o, u** -> add **-lar** (e.g., *kız* -> *kızlar*)
- Last vowel is **e, i, ö, ü** -> add **-ler** (e.g., *bebek* -> *bebekler*)

One thing to notice in the examples: a predicate noun stays singular after a plural subject — *Kızlar öğrenci*, literally "girls student".

Examples with **-lar** (back vowels):

{{item:784819}}

{{item:784822}}

Examples with **-ler** (front vowels):

{{item:784825}}

{{item:784828}}

### Plurals with Bu, Şu, O

When using demonstratives like **bu**, **şu**, or **o** with a plural noun, the demonstrative itself stays singular. Think of it as saying "this girls" instead of "these girls."

{{item:784845}}

{{item:784838}}

{{item:784842}}

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
girl	kız
The girls are students.	Kızlar öğrenci.
tree	ağaç
big	büyük
The trees are big.	Ağaçlar büyük.
baby	bebek
beautiful / nice / good	güzel
The babies are beautiful.	Bebekler güzel.
flower	çiçek
new	yeni
The flowers are new.	Çiçekler yeni.
picture	resim
small	küçük
Those pictures are small.	O resimler küçük.
notebook	defter
Those notebooks are new.	Şu defterler yeni.
bird	kuş
These birds are small.	Bu kuşlar küçük.
door	kapı
Those doors are big.	O kapılar büyük.
Who are these men?	Bu adamlar kim?
Who are those beautiful girls?	Şu güzel kızlar kim?
Who are those children?	O çocuklar kim?
Who are these women?	Bu kadınlar kim?
Who are those engineers?	Şu mühendisler kim?
These cars are new.	Bu arabalar yeni.
Those dogs are big.	O köpekler büyük.
Those cats are beautiful.	Şu kediler güzel.
These trees are big, those birds are small.	Bu ağaçlar büyük, şu kuşlar küçük.
Those pictures are beautiful, these notebooks are new.	O resimler güzel, bu defterler yeni.
Those doors are big, those flowers are beautiful.	Şu kapılar büyük, o çiçekler güzel.
These babies are small.	Bu bebekler küçük.