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### The Ablative Case: "From" or "Out Of"

To express coming "from" a place, taking something "out of" a container, or buying something "from" someone, Turkish uses the ablative case suffix. The basic forms are **-dan** and **-den**.

As always, vowel harmony dictates the choice:
- Words whose last vowel is a back vowel (**a, ı, o, u**) take **-dan**.
- Words whose last vowel is a front vowel (**e, i, ö, ü**) take **-den**.

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### Consonant Mutation: -tan and -ten

When a word ends in a hard consonant (**f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p** — often remembered as *Fıstıkçı Şahap*), the **d** in the suffix hardens into a **t**. This means **-dan** becomes **-tan**, and **-den** becomes **-ten**.

For example, **market** ends in a hard consonant (**t**) and its last vowel is front (**e**), so it takes **-ten**.

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### Common Verbs with the Ablative Case

The ablative case naturally pairs with verbs describing movement away from a source, like returning or exiting.

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You also use the ablative case to express receiving, wanting, or taking things "from" someone, such as a **satıcı** (seller).

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From or out of (-dan / -den)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
bazaar / open-air market	pazar
fresh	taze
fruit	meyve
We are buying fresh fruit from the bazaar.	Pazardan taze meyve alıyoruz.
bakery / oven	fırın
The woman is buying bread from the bakery.	Kadın fırından ekmek alıyor.
grocery store / corner shop	bakkal
I am buying milk and eggs from the grocery store.	Bakkaldan süt ve yumurta alıyorum.
greengrocer	manav
tomato	domates
Is he buying tomatoes from the greengrocer?	Manavdan domates alıyor mu?
seller / shopkeeper	satıcı
We want fresh tomatoes from the seller.	Satıcıdan taze domates istiyoruz.
to go out / to leave / to exit / to break out / to arise (of a storm)	çıkmak
I am coming out of the bakery now.	Şimdi fırından çıkıyorum.
They are returning from the bazaar.	Onlar pazardan dönüyorlar.
The man is bringing fresh vegetables from the greengrocer.	Adam manavdan taze sebze getiriyor.
The girl is coming out of the grocery store.	Kız bakkaldan çıkıyor.
When are you coming out of the market?	Marketten ne zaman çıkıyorsun?
plastic bag	poşet
He is taking fruit out of the bag.	O poşetten meyve alıyor.
I am getting a bag from the seller.	Ben satıcıdan poşet alıyorum.
to like, to enjoy (takes the ablative)	hoşlanmak
I like fresh fruit.	Taze meyveden hoşlanıyorum.
This child does not like milk.	Bu çocuk sütten hoşlanmıyor.
shop	dükkân
This shop is open.	Bu dükkân açık.
I am buying fruit from the shop.	Dükkândan meyve alıyorum.
restaurant	restoran
The restaurant is closed.	Restoran kapalı.
We are going to the restaurant.	Restorana gidiyoruz.
flour	un
I am buying flour from the bakery.	Fırından un alıyorum.
This flour is fresh.	Bu un taze.
café	kafe
We're drinking coffee in this café.	Bu kafede kahve içiyoruz.
The café is very nice but expensive.	Kafe çok güzel ama pahalı.
bazaar, market district	çarşı
I'm shopping in the bazaar.	Çarşıda alışveriş yapıyorum.
The greengrocer sells fresh fruit in the bazaar.	Manav çarşıda taze meyve satıyor.
pastry shop	pastane
I'm buying cake from the pastry shop.	Pastaneden pasta alıyorum.
We're eating cake and drinking tea at the pastry shop.	Pastanede pasta yiyoruz ve çay içiyoruz.
alcoholic drink	içki
I don't drink alcohol; I drink tea.	İçki içmiyorum, çay içiyorum.
This shop sells alcohol.	Bu dükkân içki satıyor.
to stay away from (-DAn)	uzak durmak
Stay away from alcohol!	İçkiden uzak dur!
We stay away from sick people.	Hasta insanlardan uzak duruyoruz.