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### Evidential Clefts with "ki"

When you want to state a conclusion based on your observations, Turkish uses an evidential structure similar to the English phrases "It seems that..." or "It is understood that...". 

This is formed by taking a verb (often passive or reflexive), turning it into a substantivized relative participle with **-(y)An**, and pairing it with **o ki** (that which is).

- **görünmek** (to appear/be seen) -> **görünen o ki** (it seems that / the seen thing is that)
- **anlaşılmak** (to be understood) -> **anlaşılan o ki** (it is understood that / apparently)
- **bilinmek** (to be known) -> **bilinen o ki** (it is known that)

The conjunction **ki** links this introductory deduction to the main sentence that follows it.

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### Making Deductions from Body Language

These evidential structures are highly useful when making a deduction (**çıkarım**) or analyzing (**çözümlemek**) someone's behavior. You can state your observation in the first clause, and follow it up with your conclusion using **görünen o ki** or **anlaşılan o ki**.

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### Spotting Deceptions and Inconsistencies

When a person attempts to mislead (**yanıltmak**) or fabricate a deception (**aldatmaca**), their involuntary (**istemsiz**) reactions often fail to match (**örtüşmek**) their words. You can use evidential clefts to point out these contradictions.

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Evidential clefts (görünen o ki)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
to analyze, to parse	çözümlemek
I cannot help but analyze his body language; it seems that he is hiding things from me.	Beden dilini çözümlemeden duramıyorum; görünen o ki benden bir şeyler saklıyor.
deduction, inference	çıkarım
involuntary	istemsiz
If the deduction you made is correct, these involuntary movements must be giving away the lie.	Yaptığın çıkarım doğruysa, bu istemsiz hareketler yalanı gösteriyor olmalı.
inconsistency	tutarsızlık
to contradict	çelişmek
It is understood that the inconsistencies in the story he told contradict the facts.	Anlaşılan o ki, anlattığı hikâyedeki tutarsızlıklar gerçeklerle çelişiyor.
to fabricate, to construct	kurgulamak
It seems that he will have entirely fabricated these robotic movements.	Görünen o ki, bu robotumsu hareketleri tamamen o kurgulamış olacak.
to overlap, to match	örtüşmek
to mislead	yanıltmak
His words do not match his body language; it is understood that he wants to mislead us.	Sözleri beden diliyle örtüşmüyor; anlaşılan o ki bizi yanıltmak istiyor.
deception	aldatmaca
It seems that this simple deception will be noticed in the end.	Görünen o ki, bu basit aldatmaca sonunda fark edilecek.
He thought he had fabricated a perfect deception, didn't he?	Mükemmel bir aldatmaca kurguladığını sanıyordu, değil mi?
The experts have to carefully analyze every inconsistency in the statement.	Uzmanlar ifadedeki her tutarsızlığı dikkatle çözümlemek zorunda.
It seems that the man's involuntary reactions do not match what he told.	Görünen o ki, adamın istemsiz tepkileri anlattıklarıyla örtüşmüyor.
to be caught (apprehended)	yakalanmak
He wanted to mislead us but he was caught while telling a lie.	Bizi yanıltmak istedi ama yalan söylerken yakalandı.
Every deduction we made contradicts his statements, doesn't it?	Yaptığımız her çıkarım, onun ifadeleriyle çelişiyor değil mi?
His hands are trembling; it seems that he was caught.	Elleri titriyor; görünen o ki yakalandı.
It seems that the meeting finished early.	Görünen o ki toplantı erken bitti.
It is understood that they are lying.	Anlaşılan o ki onlar yalan söylüyor.
It appears that you are very tired.	Görünen o ki sen çok yorgunsun.
It is known that he won the award.	Bilinen o ki o ödülü kazandı.