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### Owning the Action: The Genitive Subject

In English, we connect sentences using words like "that" (e.g., "I know *that* the radar works" or "It is necessary *that* the pilot sees"). Turkish takes a different approach: it nominalizes the embedded sentence, turning it into a giant noun phrase.

Because the embedded clause acts like a noun, its logical subject becomes the "owner" of the action. Therefore, you must mark the subject with the **genitive case** suffix (**-ın, -in, -un, -ün**, or **-nın, -nin, -nun, -nün**). The verb at the end of the clause then takes a matching possessive suffix.

### Action Clauses with "-ma / -me"

When expressing that an action is necessary, mandatory, or abstract (often paired with words like **lazım** or **zorunlu**), the embedded verb takes the verbal noun suffix **-ma** / **-me**, followed by a possessive suffix.

Translated literally, "The pilot needs to see" becomes "The pilot's seeing is necessary." Notice how **pilot** takes the genitive suffix (**pilotun**) and the verb takes the possessive (**görmesi**).

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### Present and Past Facts with "-dık / -dik"

When reporting a factual observation that is currently happening or has already happened, the embedded verb takes the suffix **-dık** / **-dik** (which becomes **-dığ-** / **-diğ-** before a vowel). 

Again, the subject of this embedded clause must be in the genitive case. For example, "the radar" (**radar**) becomes "the radar's" (**radarın**).

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### Future Facts with "-acak / -ecek"

If the embedded fact will happen in the future, you simply swap the factual suffix for the future suffix **-acak** / **-ecek** (which becomes **-acağ-** / **-eceğ-** before a vowel). The genitive subject rule remains exactly the same.

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Embedded clause subjects (-nin ... -diği)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
pilot	pilot
radar	radar
The pilot needs to see his own airplane on the radar.	Pilotun kendi uçağını radarda görmesi lazım.
The tower confirmed that the radar is tracking the airplane.	Kule, radarın uçağı izlediğini onayladı.
altitude	irtifa
The tower noticed that the helicopter was losing altitude.	Kule, helikopterin irtifa kaybettiğini fark etti.
We know that the airplane whose engine broke down will lose altitude.	Motoru bozulan uçağın irtifa kaybedeceğini biliyoruz.
coordinate	koordinat
The airplane's reporting the correct coordinate is mandatory.	Uçağın doğru koordinatı bildirmesi zorunlu.
I am sure that the radar showed this coordinate.	Radarın bu koordinatı gösterdiğinden eminim.
aviation	havacılık
We heard that the aviation company will buy new airplanes.	Havacılık şirketinin yeni uçaklar alacağını duyduk.
Everyone knows that the aviation experts use that system.	Herkes havacılık uzmanlarının o sistemi kullandığını biliyor.
to identify	tanımlamak
The captain's identifying the jet took very long.	Kaptanın jeti tanımlaması çok uzun sürdü.
The tower assumes that the target identified itself.	Kule, hedefin kendini tanımladığını varsayıyor.
to intersect / to conflict	çakışmak
Did the pilots not notice that the two routes intersected?	İki rotanın çakıştığını pilotlar fark etmedi mi?
speed	sürat
The captain is saying that the wind affects the speed.	Kaptan, rüzgârın sürati etkilediğini söylüyor.
He must know that high speed will damage the airplane.	Yüksek süratin uçağa zarar vereceğini biliyor olmalı.
sign / indication (symptom)	belirti
They reported that there was no sign of danger on the radar.	Radarda hiçbir tehlike belirtisinin olmadığını bildirdiler.
I do not see a sign indicating that the engine broke down.	Motorun bozulduğuna dair bir belirti görmüyorum.
visibility	görünürlük
You must not forget that bad weather decreases visibility.	Kötü havanın görünürlüğü azalttığını unutmamalısın.
No one guessed that the visibility would drop this much.	Görünürlüğün bu kadar düşeceğini kimse tahmin etmedi.
The radar shows that the planes' routes intersect.	Radar, uçakların rotalarının çakıştığını gösteriyor.