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In English, we simply say "before the test" or "after the signal." In Turkish, the words for before (**önce**) and after (**sonra**) act as postpositions that require the preceding noun to take the **ablative case** (the "from" case).

Remember that the ablative case suffix is **-dan** or **-den** (changing to **-tan** or **-ten** after hard consonants).

### Before (-den önce)

To say that an action happens "before [noun]", attach the ablative suffix to the noun and follow it with **önce**. Literally, you are saying an action happens "prior *from*" the noun.

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### After (-den sonra)

To say "after [noun]", use the exact same structure but follow the ablative noun with **sonra**.

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### Time and Space

While we frequently use these structures for time and events (like an exam or a maneuver), **-den önce** and **-den sonra** are also used spatially to mean "before reaching [an object]" or "past [an object]". 

This is especially helpful when giving driving directions, navigating streets, or following a physical sequence!

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Before and after with nouns (-den önce / -den sonra)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
committee (commission)	komisyon
Before the test, the committee is waiting for you.	Sınavdan önce komisyon sizi bekliyor.
gear	vites
Switch to first gear after the signal.	Sinyalden sonra birinci vitese geç.
clutch	debriyaj
Be sure to step on the clutch before the brake.	Frenden önce mutlaka debriyaja bas.
Release the clutch slowly after the intersection.	Kavşaktan sonra debriyajı yavaş bırak.
rearview	dikiz
Look in the rearview mirror before the intersection.	Kavşaktan önce dikiz aynasına bak.
The committee is watching you from the rearview mirror.	Komisyon dikiz aynasından seni izliyor.
maneuver	manevra
to park	park etmek
Park the car after the maneuver.	Manevradan sonra arabayı park et.
speed bump	kasis
to slow down	yavaşlamak
Be sure to slow down before the speed bump.	Kasisten önce mutlaka yavaşla.
to accelerate	hızlanmak
Let's accelerate after the intersection.	Kavşaktan sonra hızlanalım.
Let's rest a little after this difficult maneuver.	Bu zor manevradan sonra biraz dinlenelim.
Stop before the red car.	Kırmızı arabadan önce dur.
Let him check the gear after the test.	Sınavdan sonra vitesi kontrol etsin.
Every driver looks at the mirror before departure.	Her şoför kalkıştan önce aynaya bakıyor.
Let them slow down after the bus.	Otobüsten sonra yavaşlasınlar.
He is accelerating after the green light.	Yeşil ışıktan sonra hızlanıyor.
pedal	pedal
You must press the brake pedal before the speed bump.	Kasisten önce fren pedalına basmak zorundasın.
It is necessary to press that pedal to park after the intersection.	Kavşaktan sonra park etmek için o pedala basmak lazım.