El artesano viejo está cosiendo desde hace cuatro horas.

Questions & Answers about El artesano viejo está cosiendo desde hace cuatro horas.

Why does the Spanish sentence use está cosiendo (is sewing) when the English translation says "has been sewing"?
In Spanish, when an action started in the past and is still happening right now, we use the present tense or the present continuous (estar + the -ndo form). Because the artisan is still sewing, we say está cosiendo along with desde hace. English uses "has been doing", but translating that literally to Spanish often sounds unnatural.
Why do we need both desde and hace to say "for four hours"?
To talk about how long an ongoing action has been happening, Spanish uses the fixed phrase desde hace followed by the amount of time. Desde means "since" and hace points to the time that has passed. Together, desde hace cuatro horas translates perfectly to "for four hours" in this context.
What is the infinitive (base form) of cosiendo?
The base verb is coser (to sew). To make the "-ing" form (the gerund) for an -er or -ir verb, you drop the ending and add -iendo. So, coser becomes cosiendo.
Why is it artesano viejo instead of viejo artesano?
In Spanish, descriptive adjectives like viejo (old) usually come after the noun they describe to give an objective fact about it. Putting it before the noun (viejo artesano) is possible, but it changes the meaning slightly to sound more poetic or to mean "long-time artisan" rather than focusing on his actual physical age.

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