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Spanish (Latin America)

### Nouns come with their article

Every Spanish noun is masculine or feminine, and the word for "the" matches:

- **el** — masculine: *el niño*
- **la** — feminine: *la niña*

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### The verb "ser"

The singular pronouns are **yo** (I), **tú** (you), **él** (he) and **ella** (she). Use **ser** for lasting things — who someone is, and where they are from.

| Subject | Verb | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| yo | **soy** | I am |
| tú | **eres** | you are |
| él / ella | **es** | he / she is |

The ending already says who the subject is, so Spanish usually drops the pronoun.

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### Jobs take no article

After *ser*, a profession goes bare — not *yo soy el estudiante*, which would mean "I am *the* student".

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### Where you are from: de

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Definite articles and 'to be' (el, la, soy)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Masculine and feminine pairs (el hermano, la hermana)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Complex prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de...)

Question	Answer
I	yo
to be	ser
the student	el estudiante
I am a student.	Yo soy estudiante.
you (informal singular)	tú
the doctor	el doctor
You are a doctor.	Tú eres doctor.
he	él
from / of	de
Mexico	México
He is from Mexico.	Él es de México.
she	ella
Colombia	Colombia
She is from Colombia.	Ella es de Colombia.
the boy	el niño
the girl	la niña
He is the boy.	Él es el niño.
She is the girl.	Ella es la niña.
The boy is from Mexico.	El niño es de México.
The girl is from Colombia.	La niña es de Colombia.
the teacher	el profesor
and	y
I am a teacher and you are a student.	Yo soy profesor y tú eres estudiante.
He is a doctor and she is a student.	Él es doctor y ella es estudiante.
I am from Mexico.	Soy de México.
You are from Colombia.	Eres de Colombia.
She is from Mexico and he is from Colombia.	Ella es de México y él es de Colombia.
I am from Colombia and I am a teacher.	Yo soy de Colombia y soy profesor.

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