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Spanish (Latin America)

In the previous lesson, we learned *para* for destinations, recipients, and deadlines. Now let's look at its partner, **por**. When traveling or commuting, you will use **por** to talk about your route, how long the trip takes, and the reasons for any delays.

### Transit and Movement

Use **por** to describe movement *through*, *along*, or *by* a place. It focuses on the route rather than the final destination.

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### Cause and Reason

When you want to explain *why* something happened—especially delays caused by an event or the weather—use **por** ("because of" or "due to").

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### Duration of Time

Use **por** to express how long an action or event lasts ("for").

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Causes, duration, and transit (por)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and 'to be' (el, la, soy)

Masculine and feminine pairs (el hermano, la hermana)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Question	Answer
the tunnel	el túnel
The train passes through the dark tunnel.	El tren pasa por el túnel oscuro.
We wait in the tunnel for three minutes.	Esperamos en el túnel por tres minutos.
the highway, the main road	la carretera
They drive on the new highway.	Ellos manejan por la carretera nueva.
We are on the highway for two hours.	Estamos en la carretera por dos horas.
the accident	el accidente
The bus does not arrive because of the accident.	El autobús no llega por el accidente.
The man is sad because of the accident.	El señor está triste por el accidente.
the storm	la tormenta
We don't travel because of the storm.	No viajamos por la tormenta.
The traffic is extremely slow because of the storm.	El tráfico es lentísimo por la tormenta.
the route	la ruta
I always run along this route.	Siempre corro por esta ruta.
I like to walk along the old route.	Me gusta caminar por la ruta vieja.
the construction site	la obra
I do not go by that construction site.	No paso por esa obra.
to take time	tardar
We take a long time because of the roadworks.	Tardamos mucho por las obras.
the strike	la huelga
The train takes a long time because of the strike.	El tren tarda mucho por la huelga.
the delay	el retraso
We have a delay because of the weather.	Tenemos un retraso por el clima.
We are bored because of the delay.	Estamos aburridos por el retraso.
The airport is closed because of the strike.	El aeropuerto está cerrado por la huelga.
the fog	la niebla
I cannot drive because of the fog.	No puedo manejar por la niebla.
We don't see anything because of the fog.	No vemos nada por la niebla.
the toll	el peaje
We go through the new toll.	Pasamos por el peaje nuevo.
The trip is extremely expensive because of the tolls.	El viaje es carísimo por los peajes.
the fine	la multa
I am very angry because of the fine.	Estoy muy enojado por la multa.
I don't sleep well because of that fine.	No duermo bien por esa multa.
I walk for two hours because the metro is closed.	Camino por dos horas porque el metro está cerrado.
during	durante
I work during the day.	Trabajo durante el día.
We study during the night.	Estudiamos durante la noche.

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