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### The Vocative Case

When you speak directly to someone—to call out their name or get their attention—Romanian uses a special form called the **vocative case**. Instead of just saying the person's name, you change the ending of the word.

### Masculine Words: -e and -ule

Masculine nouns and names typically take **-e** or **-ule**.

- **-e**: Often added to nouns and names ending in a consonant (*băiat* → *băiete*, *prieten* → *prietene*, *Ion* → *Ioane*).
- **-ule**: Added to other masculine nouns (*om* → *omule*) and names ending in *-u* (*Radu* → *Radule*).

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### Feminine Words: -o

For feminine names and nouns, form the vocative by replacing the final vowel (*-a* or *-ă*) with **-o**. 

- *Maria* → *Mario*
- *Elena* → *Eleno*

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Vocative case (-ule, -o, -e)

adjective

adverb

adverbial phrase

auxiliary

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The verb to be and definite articles (a fi, -ul, -le)

Feminine definite articles (-a, -ua)

Indefinite articles (un, o)

Negative sentences (nu)

Question words (ce, unde, cine)

The verb to have (a avea)

Masculine plural nouns (-i, -ii)

Feminine plural nouns (-e, -i, -le)

Neuter plural nouns (-uri, -e, -le)

Adjectives and agreement

Present tense of regular -a verbs

Present tense of -a verbs with suffix (-ez)

Present tense of regular -i and -î verbs

Present tense of -i and -î verbs with suffix (-esc / -ăsc)

Present tense of -ea and -e verbs

Reflexive pronouns (mă, te, se, ne, vă)

Accusative prepositions (în, la, pe, din, cu)

Likes and dislikes (îmi place)

Possessive adjectives (meu, tău, său)

Third-person possessives (lui, ei, lor)

Possessive articles (al, a, ai, ale)

Formal politeness (dumneavoastră)

Demonstrative adjectives (acest, acel)

Numbers 1 to 10

The number two (doi, două)

Numbers 11 to 20

Counting by tens to 100

Quantifying large numbers (de)

The subjunctive (să)

Third-person subjunctive (să)

Direct object pronouns (îl, o, îi, le)

Personal direct objects (pe)

Days of the week

Telling time (e ora...)

Months of the Year (January to June)

Months of the Year (July to December)

The Four Seasons

Weather Conditions

Rooms in a House

Basic Body Parts: Upper Body

Basic Body Parts: Limbs

Everyday Clothing

Basic Foods: Groceries

Fruits and Vegetables

Around Town

Getting Around

Setting the Table

A Colorful World

Common Animals

In the Wild

Jobs and Careers

Everyday Tech

Describing people (tânăr, bătrân, înalt)

Asking when and why (când, de ce, care)

Hello and goodbye (bună ziua, la revedere)

Coming and going (intra, sta, trece)

Where is it? (sub, lângă, între)

Knowing and thinking (știu că, cred că)

Sorry, welcome, congratulations (îmi pare rău, la mulți ani)

Introducing yourself (mă numesc, sunt din România)

How much and how many (puțin, prea, doar)

Can and may (pot merge, pot să merg)

If and whether (dacă)

At school and university

Irregular verbs in the present (vrea, lua, da, bea, sta)

Free time and sport

How much is it? (cât costă, câți, câte)

Before and after (înainte, după, până)

At the doctor (mă doare)

Meals of the day (micul dejun, prânzul, cina)

At the restaurant

Ability and permission (a putea să)

Obligation and necessity (trebuie să)

Desires and intentions (a vrea să)

Impersonal statements (se)

Adverbs of frequency (adesea, uneori)

Conjunctions for reasons and links (pentru că, deci)

Stressed accusative pronouns (pe mine, pe tine)

Indefinite pronouns (cineva, ceva)

Negative pronouns and double negation (nimeni, nimic)

The past tense auxiliary (am, ai, a)

The past tense (am, ai, a)

Regular past participles (-at, -it)

Regular past participles (-ut, -s, -t)

Negative past tense (nu am)

Question	Answer
the smile	zâmbetul
Boy, you have a beautiful smile.	Băiete, ai un zâmbet frumos.
the tear	lacrima
Friend, I saw a tear. Are you okay?	Prietene, am văzut o lacrimă. Ești bine?
to ask (a question)	întreba
Man, why do you ask?	Omule, de ce întrebi?
John	Ion
to shout / to call (out to someone)	striga
John, where are you? I called out to you!	Ioane, unde ești? Te-am strigat!
John, I called out to you because I need help.	Ioane, te-am strigat pentru că am nevoie de ajutor.
to forgive	ierta
John, I forgive you when I see that smile.	Ioane, te iert când văd acel zâmbet.
Radu	Radu
the patience	răbdarea
Radu, you have no patience at all.	Radule, nu ai răbdare deloc.
You are shouting because you have no patience, Radu.	Strigi pentru că nu ai răbdare, Radule.
Mary	Maria
Mary, why are you crying? I asked you.	Mario, de ce plângi? Te-am întrebat.
Mary, I asked you something.	Mario, te-am întrebat ceva.
Helen	Elena
Helen, I forgave you.	Eleno, te-am iertat.
Helen, why do you have a tear on your face?	Eleno, de ce ai o lacrimă pe față?