Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Portuguese (Portugal)

Fashion trends are always evolving. To describe ongoing situations, Portuguese uses an auxiliary verb (like **estar** or **andar**) followed by the preposition **a** and an infinitive. To describe something developing *gradually*, it pairs the auxiliary **ir** with a gerund (ending in **-ando**, **-endo**, or **-indo**). When using object pronouns with these verbal complexes, their placement depends on the type of sentence.

### Pronouns in Affirmative Sentences

In affirmative sentences, you have two choices for object pronouns. You can attach them to the end of the main verb with a hyphen:

{{item:1004868}}

Or, you can attach them directly to the auxiliary verb:

{{item:1004871}}

### Direct Objects and Infinitives

Attaching a direct object pronoun (**o**, **a**, **os**, **as**) to the end of an infinitive triggers a spelling change: the final **-r** drops, the pronoun gains an **l** (**-lo**, **-la**, **-los**, **-las**), and the verb's final vowel takes an accent (like **-á** or **-ê**).

{{item:1004894}}

{{item:1004893}}

### Trigger Words

Negative words (like **não**, **nunca**, or **ninguém**) act as magnets. They force the pronoun to jump immediately *before* the auxiliary verb, without a hyphen.

{{item:1004877}}

{{item:1004884}}

You can see both the affirmative and negative rules at work when contrasting two different clauses. Notice how the pronoun attaches to the auxiliary in the affirmative half, but jumps in front of it after the negative trigger word:

{{item:1004885}}

Pronoun placement with gerunds

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the fashion	a moda
the denim	a ganga
Denim fashion is becoming more comfortable.	A moda de ganga está a tornar-se mais confortável.
the style	o estilo
popular	popular
This style is becoming very popular now.	Este estilo está-se a tornar muito popular agora.
the pattern	o padrão
the trend	a tendência
The seller is showing us a new pattern and a popular trend.	O vendedor está a mostrar-nos um padrão novo e uma tendência popular.
baggy	largo
They have been buying him baggy denim clothes.	Eles andam a comprar-lhe roupas largas de ganga.
Nobody is buying them tight clothes with this pattern.	Ninguém lhes está a comprar roupa apertada com este padrão.
the wardrobe	o guarda-roupa
The girl is not showing him anything from the wardrobe.	A rapariga não lhe está a mostrar nada do guarda-roupa.
I need to buy a baggy coat, but nobody is helping me.	Eu preciso de comprar um casaco largo, mas ninguém me está a ajudar.
We are buying them a new wardrobe for the summer fashion.	Nós estamos a comprar-lhes um guarda-roupa novo para a moda de verão.
the fabric	o tecido
The trend is changing, but I am getting used to the baggy fabrics.	A tendência está a mudar, mas eu estou a habituar-me aos tecidos largos.
I think that the tight trousers are ugly, so nobody is wearing them.	Acho que as calças apertadas são feias, por isso ninguém as está a usar.
The fabric is gradually adapting, but the style is not gradually becoming popular.	O tecido vai-se adaptando, mas o estilo não se vai tornando popular.
the accessory	o acessório
old-fashioned	antiquado
That accessory is very old-fashioned. Why are they selling it?	Esse acessório é muito antiquado. Estão a vendê-lo porquê?
The hats are old-fashioned, therefore we are not wearing them.	Os chapéus são antiquados, por isso não os estamos a usar.
to transform	transformar
Young people love all the trends and are transforming them rapidly.	A juventude adora todas as tendências e está a transformá-las rapidamente.
All the trends are changing, but you are not following them.	Todas as tendências estão a mudar, mas tu não as estás a seguir.
I need the accessories. Are you looking for them?	Eu preciso dos acessórios. Estás a procurá-los?
The wardrobe is old-fashioned, but the trend is transforming it.	O guarda-roupa é antiquado, mas a tendência está a transformá-lo.