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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Direct Object Pronouns: -lo, -la, -los, -las

When a direct object pronoun (*o, a, os, as*) attaches to a verb that ends in **-r**, **-s**, or **-z**, two things happen:
- The verb drops its final consonant (**-r**, **-s**, or **-z**).
- The pronoun adds an **l** to become **-lo**, **-la**, **-los**, or **-las**.

This is extremely common with infinitive verbs (which end in **-r**). When you drop the **-r** from an **-ar** verb, you must add an acute accent to the **a** (**á**). If it is an **-er** verb, you add a circumflex to the **e** (**ê**).

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### Dropping -s and -z

This same attachment rule applies to conjugated verbs that end in **-s** (such as the *tu* and *nós* forms) and **-z** (like *traz*). You drop the final consonant before attaching the pronoun. 

Notice how the *nós* ending **-mos** becomes **-mo-lo** (e.g., *compramos* -> *compramo-lo*).

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### Shopping and Two-Verb Phrases

When shopping, you will encounter useful words like **o desconto** (the discount), **o troco** (the change), and **o provador** (the fitting room).

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When using two-verb phrases (like *querer* or *poder* plus an infinitive), the object pronoun typically attaches to the infinitive. Because the infinitive ends in **-r**, you will consistently use the **-lo/-la** forms here, even if there is a negative word like **não** earlier in the sentence.

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Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
it / him (m) [-la, -los, -las]	-lo
The coat is beautiful. I want to buy it.	O casaco é lindo. Quero comprá-lo.
the shop window	a montra
to try on / to try out	experimentar
The t-shirt is in the shop window. Can I try it on?	A t-shirt está na montra. Posso experimentá-la?
the quality	a qualidade
to return (an item)	devolver
The shoes have bad quality. You have to return them.	Os sapatos têm má qualidade. Tens de devolvê-los.
to spend	gastar
You spend it in the supermarket.	Tu gasta-lo no supermercado.
We buy it in the shop under that building.	Nós compramo-lo na loja debaixo daquele prédio.
the receipt	o recibo
The girl needs the receipt and the boy brings it.	A rapariga precisa do recibo e o rapaz trá-lo.
the discount	o desconto
The shop has a big discount. Do you want to use it?	A loja tem um grande desconto. Queres usá-lo?
the change (money)	o troco
Here is the change. You can keep it in the pocket.	Aqui está o troco. Podes guardá-lo no bolso.
the fitting room	o provador
The skirt is ugly. I do not want to try it on in the fitting room.	A saia é feia. Não quero experimentá-la no provador.
The shirt does not have good quality. Without the receipt, you cannot return it.	A camisa não tem boa qualidade. Sem o recibo, não podes devolvê-la.
You have a discount. Do you spend it today?	Tu tens um desconto. Gasta-lo hoje?
We receive the change and we keep it.	Nós recebemos o troco e guardamo-lo.
We see the trousers in the shop window and we go to the fitting room.	Vemos as calças na montra e vamos ao provador.