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### Condensing Sentences in Formal Polish

To sound professional in official correspondence, avoid stringing together long clauses with **że** (that). Instead, elevate your register by compressing subordinate clauses into *verbal nouns* (typically ending in **-nie** or **-cie**) paired with a preposition. 

For example, instead of "z powodu tego, że sytuacja zaistniała" (due to the fact that the situation occurred), formal Polish condenses this into a single noun phrase.

### `z powodu` and `pomimo` + Genitive

When stating causes and concessions, use **z powodu** (due to) or **pomimo / mimo** (despite). These prepositions require the following noun phrase to be in the **Genitive** case.

{{item:1019722}}

Instead of saying "Pomimo że klient był niezadowolony..." (Despite the fact that the client was dissatisfied...), use the verbal noun **niezadowolenie** (dissatisfaction) in the Genitive case (**niezadowolenia**).

{{item:1019725}}

### `po` + Locative for Sequences

To describe a sequence of administrative actions, use the preposition **po** (after), which takes the **Locative** case. 

When a neuter verbal noun ends in **-nie** (like **rozpatrzenie**, consideration), its Locative form changes to **-niu** (**po rozpatrzeniu**). 

{{item:1019729}}

### Conditions and Consequences

When escalating complaints or demanding refunds, nominalization is frequently used with negative verbal nouns, such as **niewykonanie** (non-performance) and **niedotrzymanie** (breach). 

These nouns pair seamlessly with prepositions like **za** (for) + Accusative, or compound prepositions like **w przypadku** (in case of) + Genitive.

{{item:1019731}}

{{item:1019733}}

Replacing clauses with nouns

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
arisen	zaistniały
to demand (persistently, e.g. one's rights)	domagać się
the refund	zwrot
Due to the arisen situation, we demand a refund.	Z powodu zaistniałej sytuacji domagamy się zwrotu pieniędzy.
the dissatisfaction	niezadowolenie
the complaint	skarga
Despite the client's dissatisfaction, the complaint was rejected.	Pomimo niezadowolenia klienta skarga została odrzucona.
the consideration	rozpatrzenie
written	pisemny
the compensation	rekompensata
After the consideration of your written complaint, we offer a compensation.	Po rozpatrzeniu pana pisemnej skargi oferujemy rekompensatę.
the non-performance	niewykonanie
The client demands compensation for the non-performance of the service.	Klient domaga się rekompensaty za niewykonanie usługi.
the breach	niedotrzymanie
In case of a breach of contract, we demand a full refund of costs.	W przypadku niedotrzymania umowy domagamy się pełnego zwrotu kosztów.
Due to their dissatisfaction, the employment contract was not extended.	Z powodu ich niezadowolenia umowa o pracę nie została przedłużona.
Despite the arisen failure, this project was finished on time.	Mimo zaistniałej awarii ten projekt został ukończony na czas.
The decision was made after a written explanation of this misunderstanding.	Decyzja została podjęta po pisemnym wyjaśnieniu tego nieporozumienia.
Due to the non-performance of duties, the employee was fired.	Z powodu niewykonania obowiązków pracownik został zwolniony.
We filed an official complaint in connection with the failure to meet the deadline.	Złożyliśmy oficjalną skargę w związku z niedotrzymaniem terminu.
As a result of the consideration of this matter, you will receive a full refund.	W wyniku rozpatrzenia tej sprawy otrzymają państwo pełny zwrot.
complaint (about goods) (f)	reklamacja
I want to file a complaint.	Chcę złożyć reklamację.
I wrote a complaint to the shop.	Napisałem reklamację do sklepu.

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