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### The -ę / -esz Conjugation Group

The third major group of Polish verbs uses the endings **-ę** and **-esz** in the present tense. The singular endings are:

- **-ę** (I)
- **-esz** (you)
- **-e** (he/she/it)

Plural forms build on this same vowel, such as **-ecie** for "you" (plural). A common verb in this group is *pisać* (to write). Its stem changes slightly to *pisz-* when conjugated.

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### Verbs Ending in -ować

Verbs ending in **-ować** form a large, regular sub-group. To conjugate them in the present tense, drop the *-ować* and replace it with **-uj-** before adding the standard endings (**-ę**, **-esz**, **-e**, etc.). For example, *studiować* (to study) becomes *studiuję* (I study) and *studiuje* (he/she studies).

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This **-uj-** rule applies to other common verbs like *dziękować* (to thank) and *gotować* (to cook).

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### Describing Daily Routines

You will often use this verb group to talk about everyday communication and routines, combining them with nouns like *zeszyt* (notebook), *notatka* (note), or *długopis* (pen). Short verbs like *pić* (to drink) also follow this pattern (e.g., *piję*, *pijesz*).

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Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
to write	pisać
letter	list
I am writing a letter.	Piszę list.
every day	codziennie
Do you write every day?	Czy piszesz codziennie?
note	notatka
notebook	zeszyt
She is writing a note in the notebook.	Ona pisze notatkę w zeszycie.
to study	studiować
language	język
I study Polish.	Studiuję język polski.
only	tylko
My brother studies only English.	Mój brat studiuje tylko angielski.
Do you work every day?	Czy pracujecie codziennie?
to thank	dziękować
Thank you very much.	Dziękuję bardzo.
This lunch is very good, thank you.	Ten obiad jest bardzo dobry, dziękuję.
pen	długopis
This pen writes very well.	Ten długopis pisze bardzo dobrze.
Do you have my pen?	Czy masz mój długopis?
I only have a new notebook.	Mam tylko nowy zeszyt.
You are reading an old letter.	Czytasz stary list.
I am drinking coffee and writing.	Piję kawę i piszę.
I work in the office every day.	Codziennie pracuję w biurze.
Is he cooking lunch today?	Czy on dzisiaj gotuje obiad?
I know this language very well.	Znam ten język bardzo dobrze.
I am reading a new note.	Czytam nową notatkę.