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### The -m / -sz Conjugation Group

Polish verbs change their endings to match the subject of the sentence. The first major group of present tense verbs is often called the **-m / -sz** group.

Verbs in their dictionary form (the infinitive) usually end in **-ć**, like **oglądać** (to watch) and **znać** (to know). To use them in a sentence, we drop the **-ć** and add a new ending:
- **ja** (I) takes **-m**
- **ty** (you, singular informal) takes **-sz**
- **on / ona / ono** (he/she/it) takes **no extra ending**, leaving just the base vowel (like **-a**).

| Pronoun | Verb form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| **ja** | znam | I know |
| **ty** | znasz | you know |
| **on / ona / ono** | zna | he / she / it knows |

Because the ending clearly tells us who is doing the action, you can usually drop pronouns like **ja** and **ty**.

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### We (-my)

When the subject is **my** (we), the verb ending is **-my**.

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### Everyday Actions

Many everyday verbs belong to this group, such as **biegać** (to run), **pływać** (to swim), and **mieszkać** (to live). 

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### Verbs Ending in -eć

Some verbs in this group end in **-eć** rather than **-ać**. They follow the exact same pattern, but keep their **-e** vowel. 

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For example, **umieć** (to know how to / to be able to) becomes **umiem** (I can), **umiesz** (you can), and **umie** (he/she/it can). 

When you want to say you can or cannot do an action, conjugate **umieć** and leave the second verb in its dictionary form (just like in English: "I know how *to swim*").

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### Formal Address (Pan / Pani)

When speaking formally to someone using **pan** (sir) or **pani** (ma'am), use the **third-person singular** verb form—the exact same form you use for *on* and *ona*. 

Other common verbs in the **-m / -sz** group include **rozumieć** (to understand) and **mieć** (to have).

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Present tense -m/-sz verbs

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
to watch	oglądać
film	film
I often watch this old movie.	Często oglądam ten stary film.
in the morning	rano
Do you watch a movie in the morning?	Czy rano oglądasz film?
to know (someone or something)	znać
Polish	polski
well	dobrze
I know Polish very well.	Znam polski bardzo dobrze.
English	angielski
Do you know English?	Czy znasz angielski?
He knows English and Polish.	On zna angielski i polski.
to talk	rozmawiać
We are here and we are talking.	My jesteśmy tu i rozmawiamy.
to run	biegać
I always run in the morning.	Zawsze rano biegam.
to swim	pływać
I swim very well.	Bardzo dobrze pływam.
Where do you live?	Gdzie mieszkasz?
This child is watching a movie.	To dziecko ogląda film.
to know how to	umieć
I cannot swim.	Nie umiem pływać.
You swim very well.	Bardzo dobrze pływasz.
Do you understand English, ma'am?	Czy pani rozumie angielski?
This is a small cat and it cannot swim.	To jest mały kot i nie umie pływać.
Do you have a phone, sir?	Czy pan ma telefon?
This woman does not live here.	Ta kobieta tu nie mieszka.
to play	grać
Do you often play and talk?	Czy ty często grasz i rozmawiasz?
I run in the morning, but I do not play.	Ja biegam rano, ale nie gram.