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### Running Operations and Bearing Costs

Verbs of motion aren't just for physical travel. Many unidirectional verbs of motion—like *prowadzić* (to lead) and *nieść* (to carry)—are used abstractly to talk about business, logic, and responsibility. 

In Polish, you don't "run" a business; you "lead" it (*prowadzić działalność*). Decisions "carry" consequences (*nieść konsekwencje*), and you "bear" costs or consequences using the prefixed verb *ponosić*.

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### Reaching Agreements and Starting from Assumptions

Prefixes change the direction of motion, creating metaphors for logic and negotiations. 

*Wychodzić* means "to walk out," but *wychodzić z założenia* means to "start from an assumption" (literally, to walk out of it). To "reach an agreement" is *dochodzić do porozumienia* (to walk up to an agreement).

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### Going Far and Stepping Away

The prefixed verb *zajść* can mean getting far in your career, or describing an event (like a misunderstanding) that simply "occurred."

*Odchodzić* means "to walk away." You can walk away from your principles (*odchodzić od zasad*), or use it in the idiom *odchodzić od zmysłów* (to go out of your mind / lose your senses).

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### Reputations and Pacing

To say someone "passes for" or "is considered as" something, use *uchodzić za*.

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Basic motion verbs also describe the flow of time and information. Ideas or vocabulary can enter or exit circulation (*obieg*), and projects can move forward (*iść do przodu*) at a certain pace (*tempo*).

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Idiomatic verbs of motion

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
activity (operations, business)	działalność
My company runs foreign operations.	Moja firma prowadzi działalność zagraniczną.
At my lawyer's office, they run a completely different business.	U mojego prawnika prowadzą zupełnie inną działalność.
consequence	konsekwencja
Every decision carries serious consequences.	Każda decyzja niesie poważne konsekwencje.
to bear	ponosić
You must bear the consequences of that error.	Musisz ponosić konsekwencje owego błędu.
Who bears the costs of this investment?	Kto ponosi koszty tej inwestycji?
assumption	założenie
I start from the assumption that he is an honest expert.	Wychodzę z założenia, że on jest uczciwym ekspertem.
Those assumptions are naive.	Owe założenia są naiwne.
to arrive at	dochodzić
We often do not reach an agreement because I lack patience.	Często nie dochodzimy do porozumienia, bo brakuje mi cierpliwości.
How do they reach an agreement in the boss's office?	Jak oni dochodzą do porozumienia u szefa?
to go far	zajść
He went very far in his career.	Zaszedł bardzo daleko w karierze.
Did a misunderstanding occur in that tenement house?	Czy w owej kamienicy zaszło nieporozumienie?
to step away	odchodzić
We never deviate from our principles.	Nigdy nie odchodzimy od naszych zasad.
You are going out of your mind with jealousy!	Odchodzisz od zmysłów z zazdrości!
to pass for	uchodzić
as (to be taken for)	za
This man passes for a crazy millionaire.	Ten mężczyzna uchodzi za szalonego milionera.
In my opinion, she passes for a great actress.	Moim zdaniem ona uchodzi za świetną aktorkę.
circulation	obieg
This word quickly went out of circulation.	To słowo szybko wyszło z obiegu.
Will false information enter circulation?	Czy fałszywa informacja wejdzie do obiegu?
pace	tempo
We are moving forward at our own pace.	Idziemy do przodu we własnym tempie.
In the director's office, everything moves at a fast pace.	U dyrektora wszystko idzie w szybkim tempie.