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### Saying hello

Polish splits greetings by formality, and the split matters — using the wrong one is the single most noticeable beginner mistake.

**{{item:949487}}** is the all-purpose polite greeting. It covers both *good morning* and *good afternoon*: Polish does not separate them. Use it with **pan** and **pani**, with strangers, in shops, and at work.

**{{item:949489}}** replaces it in the evening.

**{{item:949492}}** is the informal one — friends, family, people your own age. **{{item:949494}}** is more casual again, closest to English *hey*.

| formal | informal |
|---|---|
| dzień dobry | cześć |
| dobry wieczór | hej |
| do widzenia | cześć / na razie |

### Saying goodbye

**{{item:949500}}** is the formal farewell. Informally, **cześć** works for goodbye as well as hello — exactly like Italian *ciao*.

**{{item:949502}}** (*see you*) and **{{item:949504}}** (*bye for now*) are neutral to informal. **{{item:949507}}** is *see you tomorrow*.

**{{item:949497}}** is *good night* — and note it is a **parting** word, said when leaving or going to bed. It is never a greeting.

### Asking how someone is

**{{item:949510}}** is the informal *how are you*. Unlike the English question, Poles usually treat it as a real one and answer it properly.

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
good morning / good afternoon (formal greeting)	dzień dobry
Good morning! Do you live here?	Dzień dobry! Czy pan tu mieszka?
good evening	dobry wieczór
Good evening! Do you work here?	Dobry wieczór! Państwo tu pracują?
Good evening. I am watching a film now.	Dobry wieczór. Teraz oglądam film.
hi / bye (informal)	cześć
Hi! I live here.	Cześć! Ja tu mieszkam.
hey (very informal)	hej
Hey! Do you know Polish?	Hej! Czy ty znasz polski?
Hey, I have a new phone today.	Hej, dzisiaj mam nowy telefon.
good night (when parting)	dobranoc
Good night! I am going to sleep.	Dobranoc! Idę spać.
Good night, child.	Dobranoc, dziecko.
goodbye (formal)	do widzenia
Goodbye, ladies and gentlemen!	Do widzenia, państwo!
see you	do zobaczenia
Bye! See you!	Cześć! Do zobaczenia!
bye for now (informal)	na razie
See you! Bye for now!	Do zobaczenia! Na razie!
Bye for now! I am going now.	Na razie! Idę teraz.
see you tomorrow	do jutra
Goodbye! See you tomorrow!	Do widzenia! Do jutra!
See you tomorrow! Good night!	Do jutra! Dobranoc!
how are you (informal)	jak się masz
Good morning, madam. How are you?	Dzień dobry, pani. Jak się masz?
Hi! How are you?	Cześć! Jak się masz?
How are you? Well?	Jak się masz? Dobrze?
bye! (informal)	pa
Bye, see you!	Pa, do zobaczenia!
Bye! See you!	Pa! Cześć!

Contributors