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### My and Your: Possessive Pronouns

In Polish, possessive pronouns change to match the gender of the noun they describe.

For masculine nouns (like **brat**, **syn**, or **kot**):
- **mój** – my
- **twój** – your

For feminine nouns (like **siostra** or **córka**):
- **moja** – my
- **twoja** – your

### Asking Age

In English, you *are* a certain age. In Polish, you *have* years. To ask "How old is...?", combine **ile** (how many), **lat** (years), and the verb **mieć** (to have).

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When stating an age, the word for "years" changes depending on the number:
- 1: **rok**
- 2, 3, 4: **lata**
- 5 and up: **lat**

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### Teen Numbers (11–19) and Twenty

Numbers from 11 to 19 typically end in **-naście**. Because they are five or greater, they always pair with **lat**.

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Twenty is **dwadzieścia**:

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### Using "czy" for "Or"

You already know **czy** introduces yes/no questions. When placed between two options, **czy** translates to "or".

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Expressing age (mieć... lat)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
how many	ile
year	rok
How old is your brother?	Ile lat ma twój brat?
eleven	jedenaście
My brother is eleven years old.	Mój brat ma jedenaście lat.
twelve	dwanaście
Your son is twelve years old now.	Twój syn ma teraz dwanaście lat.
thirteen	trzynaście
My cat is thirteen years old, and your dog?	Mój kot ma trzynaście lat, a twój pies?
fourteen	czternaście
How old is this boy? He is fourteen years old.	Ile lat ma ten chłopiec? Ma czternaście lat.
fifteen	piętnaście
My friend is fifteen years old.	Mój kolega ma piętnaście lat.
sixteen	szesnaście
Is your friend sixteen years old?	Czy twój kolega ma szesnaście lat?
or (in alternative questions)	czy
seventeen	siedemnaście
Is your brother eleven or seventeen years old?	Twój brat ma jedenaście czy siedemnaście lat?
eighteen	osiemnaście
My son is eighteen years old and reads a lot.	Mój syn ma osiemnaście lat i bardzo dużo czyta.
nineteen	dziewiętnaście
This young waiter is nineteen years old.	Ten młody kelner ma dziewiętnaście lat.
twenty	dwadzieścia
My daughter is twenty years old, and yours?	Moja córka ma dwadzieścia lat, a twoja?
Is he thirteen or fourteen years old?	Ma trzynaście czy czternaście lat?
My dog is fifteen years old, and your cat is sixteen.	Mój pies ma piętnaście lat, a twój kot szesnaście.
My brother is eighteen years old and can drink beer.	Mój brat ma osiemnaście lat i może pić piwo.
Is this student seventeen or nineteen years old?	Czy ten student ma siedemnaście czy dziewiętnaście lat?
My sister is twenty years old and studies in the city.	Moja siostra ma dwadzieścia lat i studiuje w mieście.
My brother is ten years old, and yours is twelve.	Mój brat ma dziesięć lat, a twój dwanaście.
My son is one year old, and yours is two years old.	Mój syn ma rok, a twój dwa lata.
age	wiek
This is my age.	To jest mój wiek.
Age is not interesting.	Wiek nie jest ciekawy.

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