Breakdown of Affronto la conseguenza senza che il direttore dia l'approvazione.
il direttore
the manager / the director
dare
to give
affrontare
to face
senza che
without (+ clause)
l'approvazione
the approval (f)
la conseguenza
the consequence
Questions & Answers about Affronto la conseguenza senza che il direttore dia l'approvazione.
Why is the verb dia used here instead of the normal present tense dà?
The phrase senza che (without) is a negative conjunction that introduces a condition that is not happening. In Italian, this triggers the subjunctive mood. Therefore, we use the subjunctive dia instead of the indicative dà.
Could I just use the infinitive and say senza dare l'approvazione?
No, because the subjects of the two actions are different. The subject of the first part is I (affronto), but the subject of the second part is the director (il direttore). When the subjects are different, you must use senza che followed by a conjugated subjunctive verb. You only use senza plus an infinitive when the subject stays the same.
What verb does dia come from?
It is the present subjunctive form of dare (to give). Dare is highly irregular in the subjunctive: the form dia is used for I, you (singular), and he/she/it. Here it matches il direttore.
Can affrontare mean 'to face' in both a physical sense and a metaphorical sense?
It is primarily used metaphorically, exactly like the English 'to face a problem' or 'to face consequences'. If you are talking about physically facing a direction, like a window facing the street, you would use a different verb such as affacciarsi.
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