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To add detail to past experiences, use short adverbs of time and frequency like "already," "never," or "always."

In the *passato prossimo*, place these adverbs between the helping verb (*avere* or *essere*) and the past participle. 

Use **già** to say something has "already" happened:

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### Ancora (Not yet)

To say you haven't done something "yet", place **non** before the helping verb and **ancora** in the middle.

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### Mai (Ever / Never)

**Mai** means "ever" in a question.

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To say "never", use a double negative: place **non** before the helping verb and **mai** in the middle.

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### Sempre and Spesso

Adverbs like **sempre** (always) and **spesso** (often) follow the same rule.

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### Verbs with Essere

This word order applies to all past tense verbs, including those that take **essere**.

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Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (il, la, l')

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Past tense of modal verbs

Question	Answer
to meet, to know	conoscere
the writer	lo scrittore
Have you already met the writer?	Hai già conosciuto lo scrittore?
yet / still	ancora
I have not yet met the new writer.	Non ho ancora conosciuto il nuovo scrittore.
to try	provare
the cake	la torta
Have you ever tried this cake?	Avete mai provato questa torta?
We have always eaten well here.	Abbiamo sempre mangiato bene qui.
to taste	assaggiare
the dessert	il dolce
They have not yet tasted the dessert.	Non hanno ancora assaggiato il dolce.
I have already tasted that dessert.	Ho già assaggiato quel dolce.
the exhibition	la mostra
The girls have already seen the exhibition.	Le ragazze hanno già visto la mostra.
Have you never visited this museum?	Non hai mai visitato questo museo?
to lose, to miss	perdere
Marco has often missed the train.	Marco ha spesso perso il treno.
the flight	il volo
I have not yet missed a flight.	Non ho ancora perso un volo.
Have we already arrived at the castle?	Siamo già arrivati al castello?
I have never been to Rome.	Non sono mai stato a Roma.
We want to try the cake now.	Vogliamo provare la torta adesso.
Marco has not yet visited the exhibition.	Marco non ha ancora visitato la mostra.
I have never missed a flight.	Non ho mai perso un volo.
before, earlier	prima
First I ate the cake.	Prima ho mangiato la torta.
I spoke earlier with my father.	Ho parlato prima con mio padre.
then, afterwards	poi
First I ate, then I studied.	Prima ho mangiato, poi ho studiato.
And then? What happens?	E poi? Che cosa succede?
again, once more	di nuovo
I lost my keys again.	Ho perso di nuovo le chiavi.
Today we try again.	Oggi proviamo di nuovo.
I read the letter again.	Leggo di nuovo la lettera.

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