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### Indirect objects

In Italian, an indirect object answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom?" an action is done. You will use these constantly with verbs involving communication or giving, such as **dare** (to give), **dire** (to say/tell), **rispondere** (to answer), **prestare** (to lend), and **mostrare** (to show).

Instead of repeating the person's name, you can use an **indirect object pronoun**.

### Singular indirect object pronouns

Just like reflexive pronouns, indirect object pronouns are placed immediately *before* the conjugated verb.

| Subject | Pronoun | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- |
| io | mi | to me |
| tu | ti | to you |
| lui | gli | to him |
| lei | le | to her |

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### Plural indirect object pronouns

Here are the pronouns for plural subjects. Notice that **gli** does double duty: it means both "to him" and "to them" in modern spoken Italian.

| Subject | Pronoun | Meaning |
| --- | --- | --- |
| noi | ci | to us |
| voi | vi | to you (plural) |
| loro | gli | to them |

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### Pronoun placement with modal verbs

If a sentence has a modal verb (like wanting, being able to, or having to do something) paired with a dictionary-form infinitive, you can simply put the indirect object pronoun right before the conjugated modal verb.

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Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (io sono)

Singular definite articles (il, la)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Past tense of modal verbs

Question	Answer
to me	mi
to give	dare
Marco gives me a book.	Marco mi dà un libro.
to you	ti
to say, to tell	dire
I am telling you the truth.	Ti dico la verità.
to answer, to reply	rispondere
When do you answer me?	Quando mi rispondi?
to lend	prestare
I am not lending you the car.	Non ti presto la macchina.
to show	mostrare
I am showing him the city.	Gli mostro la città.
to her	le
Why are you writing her a letter?	Perché le scrivi una lettera?
I talk to her in the store.	Le parlo nel negozio.
We are giving her a flower.	Le diamo un fiore.
to us	ci
They show us the castle.	Ci mostrano il castello.
to you (plural)	vi
Who is lending you the money?	Chi vi presta i soldi?
The waiter brings us the pizza.	Il cameriere ci porta la pizza.
I want to tell you a secret.	Vi voglio dire un segreto.
I'm lending them my notebook.	Gli presto il mio quaderno.
The teacher asks them a difficult question.	L'insegnante gli fa una domanda difficile.
You always answer us.	Ci rispondi sempre.