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Icelandic

Icelandic expands its vocabulary using highly productive prefixes. Two of the most useful for describing social connections and past experiences are **sam-** (co-, shared) and **endur-** (re-, again).

### Togetherness and Sharing (sam-)

The prefix **sam-** attaches to nouns to indicate a shared state, mutual association, or togetherness. For example, adding it to a word for a class or student creates the terms for a classmate (**sambekkingur**) or a fellow graduate (**samstúdent**).

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It is also used to form abstract nouns about communal experiences, such as group cohesion (**samheldni**) or a shared moment of time together (**samverustund**).

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### Restoring and Returning (endur-)

The prefix **endur-** means "again" or "re-". It attaches to both nouns and verbs to describe returning to a place, repeating an action, or restoring a previous state. When catching up with old classmates, you might have a reunion (**endurfundur**) or celebrate a return (**endurkoma**).

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### Rekindling the Past

Because **endur-** can be attached to almost any action, it is incredibly useful for talking about looking back. You can rekindle (**endurvekja**) an old friendship, rediscover (**enduruppgötva**) a forgotten hobby, or simply re-evaluate (**endurmeta**) a situation.

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This prefix applies to our memories as well. A reminiscence or recollection is an **endurminning** (a "re-remembering").

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Prefixes of sharing and restoring (sam- / endur-)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Question	Answer
the classmate (m)	sambekkingurinn
I met my classmate yesterday.	Ég hitti sambekkinginn minn í gær.
The classmate is twice as old as me.	Sambekkingurinn er helmingi eldri en ég.
the reunion (m)	endurfundurinn
The reunion was twice as fun as the party.	Endurfundurinn var helmingi skemmtilegri en partýið.
We plan the reunion so that anyone can attend.	Við skipuleggjum endurfundinn til þess að hver sem er geti mætt.
the cohesion (f)	samheldnin
The cohesion in the group is incredible.	Samheldnin í hópnum er ótrúleg.
The cohesion is important so that we achieve success.	Samheldnin er mikilvæg til þess að við náum árangri.
to rekindle	endurvekja
We want to rekindle our friendship.	Við viljum endurvekja vináttuna okkar.
Anyone can rekindle the interest.	Hver sem er getur endurvakið áhugann.
the reminiscence (f)	endurminningin
The reminiscence is beautiful although the past is difficult.	Endurminningin er falleg þó að fortíðin sé erfið.
He laughs at a funny reminiscence from the school.	Hann hlær að fyndinni endurminningu úr skólanum.
the time together (f)	samverustundin
The time together with the family is always good.	Samverustundin með fjölskyldunni er alltaf góð.
I enjoy the time together although the weather is bad.	Ég nýt samverustundarinnar þó að veðrið sé slæmt.
to re-evaluate	endurmeta
You must re-evaluate the situation.	Þú verður að endurmeta ástandið.
We need to re-evaluate whatever causes trouble.	Við þurfum að endurmeta hvað sem er sem veldur vandræðum.
the fellow graduate (m)	samstúdentinn
My fellow graduate now works as a doctor.	Samstúdentinn minn vinnur núna sem læknir.
The fellow graduate is twice as rich as I am.	Samstúdentinn er helmingi ríkari en ég.
to rediscover	enduruppgötva
I want to rediscover my hobby.	Ég vil enduruppgötva áhugamálið mitt.
Anywhere you can rediscover the joy.	Hvar sem er geturðu enduruppgötvað gleðina.
the return (f)	endurkoman
The return was incredibly exciting.	Endurkoman var ótrúlega spennandi.
We celebrate the return so that she knows that we miss her.	Við fögnum endurkomunni til þess að hún viti að við söknum hennar.