Після тренування треба дати м’язам відпочити.

Треба is an impersonal word meaning it is necessary, one should, or simply need to.

So:

• треба дати м’язам відпочити = (you/one) need to let the muscles rest

Ukrainian often uses this kind of subjectless structure for general advice or necessity. English usually needs a subject like you or we, but Ukrainian does not.

The preposition після means after and it requires the genitive case.

The noun тренування is in the genitive singular here:

• nominative: тренування
• genitive: тренування

These two forms happen to look the same, so even though the word does not change visibly, it is still genitive because of після.

М’язам is the dative plural of м’яз (muscle).

This happens because of the pattern:

• дати комусь щось
• дати комусь зробити щось
• дати комусь відпочити

In this sentence, the muscles are the ones being given the opportunity to rest, so they appear in the dative:

• м’язам = to the muscles

Yes, a literal translation sounds strange:

• дати м’язам відпочити = literally to give the muscles to rest

But this is a very natural Ukrainian pattern. It means:

• to let the muscles rest
• to give the muscles a chance to rest
• to give the muscles some rest

So дати + dative + infinitive often works like let someone do something in English.

Examples:

• дати дітям погратися = let the children play
• дати собі подумати = give yourself time to think

Відпочити is the perfective infinitive, while відпочивати is imperfective.

Here, відпочити is more natural because the idea is:

• after training, the muscles should get some rest
• the rest is seen as a complete, needed result

So відпочити suggests a whole rest period, not just the ongoing process.

Very roughly:

• відпочити = to rest / get rested / have a rest
• відпочивати = to be resting / to rest regularly or over time

In this sentence, perfective sounds more idiomatic.

Yes, absolutely.

• дати м’язам відпочити = let the muscles rest
• дати своїм м’язам відпочити = let your muscles rest / give your muscles a rest

Ukrainian often leaves out possessive words like my, your, or one’s own when they are obvious from context. So without своїм, the sentence still sounds completely natural.

Adding своїм makes it more explicit or a bit more personal.

No, Ukrainian word order is fairly flexible.

This sentence has a very natural order:

• Після тренування треба дати м’язам відпочити.

But you could also say:

• Треба після тренування дати м’язам відпочити.

The basic meaning stays the same. The difference is mostly about emphasis and rhythm.

The version with Після тренування at the beginning is especially natural because it sets the time frame first: after training.

Normally, no.

In Ukrainian, a short introductory time phrase like Після тренування is usually not separated by a comma.

So the standard punctuation is:

• Після тренування треба дати м’язам відпочити.

English sometimes uses a comma after an opening phrase, but Ukrainian usually does not in a sentence like this.

Тренування can mean:

• training
• a workout
• practice session

In this sentence, the most natural meaning is something like a workout or training session, because it is followed by a sentence about muscles resting.

So Після тренування is naturally understood as after a workout / after training.

The base word is м’яз.

The apostrophe appears after м before я to show that the sound is pronounced with a clear y-glide, rather than softening the consonant.

So:

• м’яз is pronounced roughly like m-yaz

This is a normal spelling rule in Ukrainian after labial consonants such as б, п, в, м, ф in certain positions.

Other examples:

• м’ясо = meat
• п’ять = five
• об’єкт = object