Той, хто живе на останньому поверсі, часто дивиться на дах після сильного вітру.

This is a very common Ukrainian pattern:

той, хто ... = the one who ... / whoever ... depending on context.

So:

• той = that one / the one
• хто = who

Together, Той, хто живе на останньому поверсі means The one who lives on the top floor.

Using only хто would change the structure and usually would not mean exactly the same thing here. Ukrainian often likes this correlative pattern: a demonstrative word plus a relative word.

You can compare:

• Той, хто знає, мовчить. = The one who knows is silent.
• Ті, хто знають, мовчать. = Those who know are silent.

Because хто живе на останньому поверсі is a relative clause inserted into the main sentence.

Structure:

• Той, хто живе на останньому поверсі, = The one who lives on the top floor
• часто дивиться на дах після сильного вітру. = often looks at the roof after a strong wind.

In Ukrainian, subordinate clauses like this are normally separated by commas.

So the commas mark the inserted clause:

• Той, [хто живе на останньому поверсі], часто дивиться...

Because Ukrainian uses the present tense for general or habitual facts, just like English does.

Here, хто живе на останньому поверсі means who lives on the top floor as a general description of the person.

It is not describing a one-time event. It identifies the person by a continuing situation: they live there.

So:

• живе = lives / is living depending on context

In this sentence, lives is the natural translation.

Because на meaning on / at a location often takes the locative case in Ukrainian.

Here the phrase means on the top floor as a location, so:

• поверх = floor, storey
• на поверсі = on the floor
• на останньому поверсі = on the top/last floor

Case breakdown:

• останній → останньому (locative singular masculine/neuter)
• поверх → поверсі (locative singular)

So this is a normal location pattern:

• на столі = on the table
• на вулиці = on the street
• на поверсі = on the floor/storey

Literally, останній means last.

But in the context of floors in a building, на останньому поверсі usually means:

• on the top floor
• literally on the last floor

English often prefers top floor, while Ukrainian commonly says last floor.

So both ideas are present, but the natural meaning here is top floor.

Because дивитися на meaning to look at takes the accusative case for the thing being looked at.

So:

• дах is the accusative form here
• дивитися на дах = to look at the roof

This is different from a location phrase.

Compare:

• бути на даху = to be on the roof
  Here на даху is location, so it uses the locative.
• дивитися на дах = to look at the roof
  Here дах is the object of looking, so it uses the accusative.

This is one of the most important distinctions with на in Ukrainian:

• location → often locative
• direction/object target → often accusative

Good question. In Ukrainian, the accusative does not always look different from the nominative.

For many inanimate masculine nouns, the accusative singular is the same as the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: дах
• accusative: дах

That is why на дах looks unchanged.

Compare with another inanimate masculine noun:

• стіл = table
• бачу стіл = I see a table

But with animate masculine nouns, the accusative often matches the genitive instead.

Because the preposition після meaning after requires the genitive case.

So both the adjective and the noun change to genitive:

• сильний вітер = a strong wind
• після сильного вітру = after a strong wind

Case breakdown:

• сильний → сильного
• вітер → вітру

This is a standard pattern:

• після уроку = after the lesson
• після дощу = after the rain
• після сильного вітру = after a strong wind

Because вітер is a masculine noun, and in the genitive singular many masculine nouns take either -а/-я or -у/-ю, depending on the word and usage.

For вітер, the normal genitive singular is:

• вітер → вітру

This is something you largely learn word by word, although there are tendencies.

So in this sentence:

• після вітру = after the wind
• після сильного вітру = after a strong wind

Yes, but the meaning would change.

• дивитися = imperfective, ongoing/repeated/habitual
• подивитися = perfective, to have a look / to look once

In this sentence, часто tells us the action happens repeatedly, so the imperfective дивиться is the natural choice:

• часто дивиться = often looks

Using подивиться would suggest a single completed act, which does not fit well with often in this context.

So the aspect matches the habitual meaning.

They are not the same.

• дивитися = to look (at), to direct your eyes toward something
• бачити = to see, to perceive visually

Here the person intentionally checks the roof, so дивитися на дах is correct.

Compare:

• Я дивлюся на дах. = I’m looking at the roof.
• Я бачу дах. = I see the roof.

The first is an action; the second is perception.

Yes, той is the masculine singular form.

If you are talking about a female person specifically, you could say:

• Та, хто живе на останньому поверсі... = The one who lives on the top floor... (female)

Plural:

• Ті, хто живуть на останньому поверсі... = Those who live on the top floor...

In some contexts, masculine той can be used generically, but if the person is known to be female, та is more precise.

Because хто here refers to one person: той = the one.

So the verb is singular:

• той, хто живе = the one who lives

If the subject were plural, you would use:

• ті, хто живуть = those who live

So the verb agrees with the meaning of the subject.

Yes. Ukrainian word order is fairly flexible, though some orders sound more neutral than others.

The given sentence is natural and neutral:

• Той, хто живе на останньому поверсі, часто дивиться на дах після сильного вітру.

You could also hear variations such as:

• Після сильного вітру той, хто живе на останньому поверсі, часто дивиться на дах.
• Той, хто живе на останньому поверсі, після сильного вітру часто дивиться на дах.

The basic meaning stays the same, but the focus shifts slightly depending on what comes earlier.

The original version is a very normal, straightforward order.

Yes. хто is pronounced with both consonants, roughly like khto.

• х is like the Ukrainian sound in хліб, somewhat like a harsher h or the ch in Scottish loch
• then т
• then о

So it is not like English who. The initial cluster is real: хт-.

Learners often want to simplify it, but in normal Ukrainian both sounds are there.

No, but placing часто before the verb is very common and neutral.

Here:

• часто дивиться = often looks

You may also see:

• дивиться часто
• після сильного вітру часто дивиться на дах

The position can change for rhythm or emphasis, but часто + verb is the most straightforward choice.

Yes. Ukrainian has no articles, so context decides whether English should use a or the.

So:

• після сильного вітру could be
  • after a strong wind
  • after the strong wind

Without more context, English often chooses a strong wind here because it sounds more general. But Ukrainian itself does not mark that difference with an article.