Arkadaşım bugün izinli, bu yüzden evde dinleniyor.

The word arkadaş means friend. The ending -ım is a possessive suffix meaning my.

So:

• arkadaş = friend
• arkadaşım = my friend

In Turkish, possession is often shown by adding a suffix to the noun instead of using a separate word like my.

A few similar examples:

• ev = house

• evim = my house

• öğretmen = teacher
• öğretmenim = my teacher

Because arkadaş ends with a consonant and follows vowel harmony rules, the suffix appears here as -ım.

In Turkish, the verb to be is often not expressed as a separate word in the present tense.

So:

• Arkadaşım bugün izinli literally looks like My friend today on leave
• but it naturally means My friend is off today or My friend is on leave today

This is very common in Turkish:

• Ben yorgunum = I am tired
• O mutlu = He/she is happy
• Hava soğuk = The weather is cold

So in sentences like this, Turkish often just places the subject and description together, without a separate word for is.

İzinli means something like on leave, off, or having permission/leave from work depending on context.

It comes from izin, which means permission or leave.

So:

• izin = permission / leave
• izinli = on leave / officially off / excused

In this sentence, bugün izinli most naturally means:

• is off today
• is on leave today
• has the day off today

The ending -li often creates an adjective meaning with / having / characterized by.

For example:

• tuz = salt

• tuzlu = salty / with salt

• ses = sound
• sesli = voiced / with sound

So izinli is an adjective describing your friend’s status.

Bugün means today.

It tells you when the situation is true:

• Arkadaşım bugün izinli = My friend is off today

Turkish time expressions like bugün, yarın (tomorrow), and dün (yesterday) are often placed near the beginning of the sentence, but they can move around depending on emphasis.

For example:

• Bugün arkadaşım izinli.
• Arkadaşım bugün izinli.

Both are natural, but the focus may shift slightly.

Yes, bu yüzden is very common. It means:

• therefore
• so
• for that reason
• because of this

In this sentence, it connects the two ideas:

• Arkadaşım bugün izinli = My friend is off today
• bu yüzden evde dinleniyor = so he/she is resting at home

Literally:

• bu = this
• yüzden = because of / due to

Together, bu yüzden means because of this or more naturally so / therefore.

Other common connectors with similar functions are:

• bu nedenle = for this reason
• o yüzden = that’s why / so

Because Turkish uses case endings to show relationships like in, at, or on.

Here:

• ev = house / home
• evde = at home / in the house

The ending -de is the locative suffix, which often means in, at, or on.

Examples:

• okulda = at school
• masada = on the table
• Türkiye'de = in Turkey

So evde dinleniyor means is resting at home.

This is because of vowel harmony.

The locative suffix has different forms:

• -de
• -da
• -te
• -ta

The vowel changes depending on the last vowel of the word, and the consonant may also change based on sound rules.

In ev, the vowel is e, which is a front vowel, so the suffix uses e too:

• ev + de = evde

Compare:

• oda = room → odada = in the room
• şehir = city → şehirde = in the city

So evde follows regular Turkish vowel harmony.

Dinleniyor means is resting or is relaxing.

It comes from the verb dinlenmek, which means to rest / to relax.

The form dinleniyor is the present continuous tense, often used for actions happening now or around now.

Breakdown:

• dinlen- = rest / relax
• -iyor = present continuous ending

So:

• dinleniyor = he/she is resting

A few similar examples:

• çalışıyor = he/she is working
• uyuyor = he/she is sleeping
• yürüyor = he/she is walking

In Turkish, the subject pronoun is often omitted because the verb form and context are enough.

Turkish often drops subject pronouns when they are understood from context.

So dinleniyor can mean:

• he is resting
• she is resting
• sometimes even it is resting, depending on context

In your sentence, the subject is already arkadaşım (my friend), so there is no need to add o (he/she).

Turkish commonly avoids repeating pronouns unless needed for emphasis or clarity.

For example:

• Ali geliyor. = Ali is coming.
• Arkadaşım evde dinleniyor. = My friend is resting at home.

Adding o is possible, but usually unnecessary here.

Yes, Turkish word order is flexible, but this sentence uses a very natural order.

Current sentence:

• Arkadaşım bugün izinli, bu yüzden evde dinleniyor.

A rough structure is:

• subject: Arkadaşım
• time: bugün
• description/predicate: izinli
• connector: bu yüzden
• place: evde
• verb: dinleniyor

Turkish often places the main verb at the end of the clause, which is why dinleniyor comes last.

Some other possible versions:

• Bugün arkadaşım izinli, bu yüzden evde dinleniyor.
• Arkadaşım izinli bugün, bu yüzden evde dinleniyor.
  This is possible, but less neutral.

The original version sounds very standard and natural.

It is one sentence with two clauses joined by bu yüzden.

The two parts are:

1. Arkadaşım bugün izinli
2. bu yüzden evde dinleniyor

The comma helps separate the cause from the result:

• cause: My friend is off today
• result: so he/she is resting at home

In English, you would also often use a comma before so or therefore in a sentence like this.

So the comma here makes the relationship between the two ideas clearer and more natural to read.

Yes. Dinlenmek can mean both to rest and to relax, depending on context.

So evde dinleniyor could be understood as:

• is resting at home
• is relaxing at home

If the context is that your friend has the day off, relaxing at home may actually sound very natural in English.

This is common in Turkish: one verb can cover a slightly wider meaning range than a single English word.