Kaymak kalmadıysa marketten yenisini alalım; tereyağıyla da güzel oluyor.

It breaks down like this:

• kal- = remain, be left
• -ma- = negation
• -dı = past tense
• -ysa = if

So kalmadıysa literally looks like if it did not remain, but in natural English it usually means if there isn’t any left or if we’ve run out.

With foods and supplies, Turkish often uses kalmak this way:

• Süt kalmadı. = There’s no milk left.
• Ekmek kalmadıysa... = If there’s no bread left...

This is very common in Turkish.

Even though -dı is a past marker, expressions like kalmadı often describe a present result of something that has already happened:

• something existed before
• now it is finished / gone / not left

So Kaymak kalmadıysa... is not really focused on the past event itself. It is focused on the current situation: if we’re out of kaymak.

English does something similar with we’ve run out: grammatically that refers to a completed action, but the meaning is about the present result.

-ten / -tan / -den / -dan is the ablative ending, often meaning from.

So:

• market = market, grocery store, mini-market, supermarket
• marketten = from the market / at the market as the source

In Turkish, when you buy something, the place you buy it from often takes this ending:

• Bakkaldan ekmek aldım. = I bought bread from the corner shop.
• Marketten süt alalım. = Let’s buy milk from the market/store.

So marketten yenisini alalım literally means let’s buy the new/replacement one from the market.

Usually no.

In modern Turkish, market often means a grocery store, mini-market, or supermarket. It does not usually mean a traditional street market.

For a traditional open-air market, Turkish more often uses pazar.

So in this sentence, marketten is most naturally understood as from the store/shop.

yenisini is a very useful Turkish structure. It comes from:

• yeni = new
• yenisi = the new one
• yenisini = the new one (as a definite object)

That -si part often lets an adjective stand in for a noun that is already understood.

So here the full noun is omitted because it is obvious from context:

• Kaymak kalmadıysa marketten yenisini alalım.
• literally: If the kaymak is gone, let’s buy the new one / a replacement.

In natural English, you would probably say:

• let’s buy some more
• let’s get another one
• let’s buy a new tub/package

Even though kaymak is a mass noun in English, Turkish can still use yenisini to mean the replacement amount/container/item.

Because Turkish often prefers a short replacement form when the noun is already clear from context.

All of these are possible in different situations, but they are slightly different:

• yenisini alalım = let’s buy the new/replacement one
• yeni kaymak alalım = let’s buy new kaymak
• bir tane daha alalım = let’s buy one more

yenisini sounds very natural when everyone already knows what item is being talked about.

alalım is the first person plural hortative/optative, which usually means let’s ...

It comes from:

• al- = take, buy
• -alım = let’s

So:

• alalım = let’s buy / let’s get

Other examples:

• Gidelim. = Let’s go.
• Başlayalım. = Let’s begin.
• Bunu alalım. = Let’s buy/get this.

In this sentence, it makes the whole thing sound like a suggestion:

• If we’re out of kaymak, let’s buy some more.

Here da means also / too / as well.

So:

• tereyağıyla = with butter
• tereyağıyla da = with butter too / with butter as well

It adds butter as another option. The idea is something like:

• It’s good with kaymak, but it’s also good with butter.
• Butter works nicely too.

Important: this da is a separate word, not the locative ending -da meaning in/on/at.

Compare:

• Evde = at home
• Ben de = me too

Both are possible.

• tereyağı ile
• tereyağıyla

The shorter attached form is very common in everyday Turkish. It means with butter.

This is the instrumental/comitative marker:

• ile = with
• after many nouns, it often becomes -la / -le or -yla / -yle

Because tereyağı ends in a vowel sound, Turkish uses a buffer y:

• tereyağı + ile → tereyağıyla

So this is completely normal and very natural speech.

The ğ in Turkish usually is not pronounced like a hard consonant in English.

In tereyağıyla, it mostly lengthens or smooths the surrounding vowels. A rough guide is:

• te-re-yaa-yla

You do not pronounce ğ like g in go.

So the word flows smoothly rather than having a strong consonant in the middle.

Both can work in Turkish, but they feel slightly different.

• güzel olur = it would be nice / it is nice / it works well
• güzel oluyor = it comes out nice / it turns out nice / it’s nice that way

In everyday speech, oluyor is often used to describe how something works out in practice, especially with food combinations:

• Yoğurtla güzel oluyor. = It’s nice with yogurt.
• Böyle daha güzel oluyor. = It turns out better this way.

So tereyağıyla da güzel oluyor means something like:

• It’s also nice with butter.
• Butter works well too.

The progressive form gives it a slightly more conversational, real-life feel.

Turkish often leaves subjects unstated when they are obvious from context.

In tereyağıyla da güzel oluyor, the implied subject is whatever food/item is being discussed overall. Depending on the wider context, English might supply:

• it
• this
• that
• the food
• the bread/pastry/dish

So Turkish does not need to repeat the noun if everyone knows what is meant.

The same thing happens earlier too:

• Kaymak kalmadıysa...
  The subject is understood as the kaymak / any kaymak.

Yes, this word order is very natural.

The structure is:

• Kaymak kalmadıysa = if there’s no kaymak left
• marketten yenisini alalım = let’s buy some more from the store
• tereyağıyla da güzel oluyor = it’s also nice with butter

Turkish word order is flexible, but this version sounds smooth and conversational.

You could rearrange parts for emphasis, for example:

• Kaymak kalmadıysa yenisini marketten alalım.
• Tereyağıyla da güzel oluyor.
• Marketten yenisini alalım, kaymak kalmadıysa.

But the original sentence is a very natural everyday way to say it.