Bu yeni sandalye rahat, ben burada kitap okuyorum.

In Turkish, present-tense sentences like this often do not use an explicit word for is. So:

• Bu yeni sandalye rahat
  literally looks like
• This new chair comfortable

but it naturally means This new chair is comfortable.

This is very normal in Turkish. In the present tense, the idea of is/are is often understood automatically.

Bu means this.

In Bu yeni sandalye rahat, bu points to a nearby or specific chair: this new chair.

A useful comparison:

• bu sandalye = this chair
• şu sandalye = that chair / that chair over there
• o sandalye = that chair

In Turkish, adjectives usually come before the noun, just like in English.

So:

• yeni sandalye = new chair
• rahat sandalye = comfortable chair

Here, yeni describes sandalye, so it comes before it.

Because rahat is not being used directly inside the noun phrase new chair. It is acting as the predicate adjective: it tells us something about the chair.

So the structure is:

• Bu yeni sandalye = the subject
• rahat = what is being said about it

That is why the sentence is:

• Bu yeni sandalye rahat = This new chair is comfortable

Compare:

• rahat sandalye = comfortable chair
• sandalye rahat = the chair is comfortable

No. Turkish adjectives do not change for gender, and they usually do not change for singular/plural either.

So yeni stays yeni, and rahat stays rahat no matter what noun they describe.

For example:

• yeni sandalye = new chair
• yeni sandalyeler = new chairs

The adjective does not change form.

Yes, it could be left out.

Turkish verbs usually already show the subject, and okuyorum means I am reading, so ben is not strictly necessary.

You could say:

• Burada kitap okuyorum.

and it would still mean I am reading a book / reading here.

Adding ben can give extra emphasis, contrast, or clarity, like:

• I’m reading here.
• As for me, I’m reading here.

Burada means here.

It is related to bura / burası meaning this place, with the locative ending -da, which gives the idea of in/at a place.

So burada means roughly in this place or simply here.

Some useful related forms:

• burada = here
• orada = there
• şurada = over there

Okuyorum comes from the verb okumak, which means to read.

It breaks down like this:

• oku- = verb stem
• -yor- = present continuous marker
• -um = I

So:

• okuyorum = I am reading

The u changes into y before -yor, which is a normal sound/linking change in Turkish.

Other examples:

• yazıyorum = I am writing
• gidiyorum = I am going

Both are possible, but they are a little different.

• kitap okuyorum = I am reading books / I am reading / I am reading a book in a general or non-specific sense
• bir kitap okuyorum = I am reading a book, emphasizing one book

Turkish often leaves out something equivalent to the English article when the object is indefinite or general. So kitap okuyorum sounds very natural.

This is about definite vs. indefinite objects in Turkish.

• kitap okuyorum = I am reading a book / books / reading in general
• kitabı okuyorum = I am reading the book or that specific book

The ending -ı on kitabı marks a definite direct object. Since the sentence does not point to a specific known book, kitap without that ending is the natural choice.

Turkish word order is more flexible than English, but the most neutral pattern is often Subject + place/time + object + verb.

So:

• ben burada kitap okuyorum

sounds very natural.

The verb often comes at the end in Turkish. That is one of the most important word-order patterns to notice.

You can move parts around for emphasis, but the neutral version here is very normal.

Because -yor is the usual way to express an action happening right now or around now.

So okuyorum means:

• I am reading
• sometimes also I’m reading these days / currently reading

In this sentence, it clearly describes an ongoing action.

The comma separates two closely related statements:

• Bu yeni sandalye rahat
• ben burada kitap okuyorum

Together, they feel like: This new chair is comfortable, so I’m reading here or This new chair is comfortable, and I’m reading here.

You could also write them as two separate sentences, or connect them with ve if you wanted:

• Bu yeni sandalye rahat ve ben burada kitap okuyorum.

But the comma version is natural when the two ideas are closely linked.