Дочка нечаянно пролила сок на скатерть, но быстро всё вытерла.

Дочка is a more affectionate, everyday form of дочь (daughter).

• дочь = the basic dictionary form, a bit more neutral or formal
• дочка = daughter / little daughter / dear daughter, depending on context

In many natural Russian sentences, speakers prefer дочка when talking about a child in a warm, family context.

So this sentence sounds more like something from normal conversation than a dry textbook statement.

Нечаянно means accidentally, by accident, or unintentionally.

It is common, especially in speech and everyday writing.

A very common near-synonym is случайно:

• нечаянно = accidentally
• случайно = accidentally / by chance

In this sentence, нечаянно emphasizes that she did not mean to spill the juice.

Пролила is the perfective past tense form of пролить. Perfective verbs usually present an action as a completed event.

Here, the sentence describes one finished action:

• she accidentally spilled the juice

If you used проливала (imperfective), it would sound more like a repeated action, a process, or background description, which does not fit as well here.

So:

• пролила = she spilled it (completed event)
• проливала = she was spilling / used to spill / spilled repeatedly, depending on context

Because the subject is feminine: дочка.

In the Russian past tense, verbs agree with the subject in gender and number:

• masculine: пролил
• feminine: пролила
• neuter: пролило
• plural: пролили

Since дочка is feminine, the verb is пролила. The same thing happens later with вытерла.

Because сок is the direct object of пролила, so it is in the accusative case.

For many inanimate masculine nouns, the accusative singular looks exactly like the nominative singular:

• nominative: сок
• accusative: сок

So the form does not change, even though the case does.

Compare:

• Я пью сок. = I drink juice.
• Она пролила сок. = She spilled juice.

In both cases, сок is accusative.

Because after на, Russian can use different cases depending on the meaning:

• на + accusative = movement onto something / result onto a surface
• на + prepositional = location on something

Here, the juice was spilled onto the tablecloth, so Russian uses на скатерть.

Compare:

• сок пролился на скатерть = the juice spilled onto the tablecloth
• сок был на скатерти = the juice was on the tablecloth

So:

• на скатерть = onto the tablecloth
• на скатерти = on the tablecloth

Here скатерть is in the accusative singular.

The noun скатерть is feminine and belongs to the type of feminine nouns that end in a soft sign (-ь). For many such nouns, the accusative singular looks the same as the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: скатерть
• accusative: скатерть
• prepositional: скатерти

That is why you see на скатерть here, not на скатерти.

Here всё means everything or more naturally it all.

In context, it refers to everything that got spilled — essentially all of it / the whole mess.

So быстро всё вытерла means:

• quickly wiped everything up
• quickly wiped it all up

Russian often uses всё in this way when the exact object is understood from context.

Strictly speaking, here it is всё because the meaning is everything.

This is different from все, which usually means all or everyone.

• всё = everything / all of it
• все = all / everyone

Examples:

• Она всё вытерла. = She wiped everything up.
• Они все пришли. = They all came.

In informal writing, Russians often omit the dots over ё and write все, but in learning materials it is very helpful to keep ё because it prevents confusion.

Russian often leaves out an object when it is obvious from context.

In быстро всё вытерла, the word всё already stands in for the spilled juice and the mess it made. A fuller version could be something like:

• быстро вытерла сок
• быстро вытерла всё, что пролила
• быстро вытерла лужу сока

But these are less natural in this exact context. Всё вытерла sounds very normal and idiomatic: she cleaned up all of it.

For the same aspect reason as пролила.

Вытерла is perfective, from вытереть, and shows a completed action:

• she wiped it up / cleaned it up completely

Вытирала would be imperfective and would focus more on the process:

• she was wiping
• she used to wipe
• she wiped (in a context where completion is not the point)

In this sentence, the point is that she spilled the juice, but then she quickly cleaned it all up, so perfective вытерла is the natural choice.

Yes, Russian word order is flexible, but the original order is very natural.

Дочка нечаянно пролила сок на скатерть, но быстро всё вытерла.

This order flows well because it presents:

1. the subject: дочка
2. the manner: нечаянно
3. the completed action: пролила
4. the object: сок
5. the result/location: на скатерть
6. contrast: но
7. the next action: быстро всё вытерла

You can change the word order for emphasis, for example:

• Нечаянно дочка пролила сок на скатерть...
• Сок дочка нечаянно пролила на скатерть...

These are possible, but they shift focus. The original is the most neutral and natural version.

Because но means but, and it joins two clauses:

• Дочка нечаянно пролила сок на скатерть
• но быстро всё вытерла

In Russian, as in English, a contrasting conjunction like но normally takes a comma before it.

So the comma is standard punctuation here.