Мастер быстро посмотрел на фару и сказал, что нужно поменять лампочку.

No. In this context, мастер means something like repairman, technician, or mechanic, depending on the situation.

So in a sentence about a headlight and a bulb, мастер is most naturally understood as the mechanic/technician.

It does not mean master in the English sense here.

Посмотрел is the perfective past form of посмотреть, while смотрел is the imperfective past form of смотреть.

Here, посмотрел is used because the sentence describes a completed action:

• he took a look
• then he said something

So быстро посмотрел means quickly looked / took a quick look.

If you said смотрел, it would sound more like:

• he was looking
• he looked for some time
• the action is viewed as a process rather than a single completed glance

Because the verb посмотреть normally takes на + accusative when it means to look at something.

So:

• фара = nominative, dictionary form
• на фару = accusative, after на with look at

This is a very common pattern:

• посмотреть на машину = to look at the car
• посмотреть на дорогу = to look at the road
• посмотреть на фару = to look at the headlight

Since фара is a feminine noun ending in -а, its accusative singular becomes -у:

• фара → фару

Фара means headlight or lamp unit on a vehicle.

So this sentence is talking about the mechanic looking at the headlight, and then saying that the bulb needs to be replaced.

A useful distinction:

• фара = the whole headlight assembly
• лампочка = the bulb inside it

This is the normal way in Russian to say said that...

• сказал = said
• что = that

So:

• сказал, что нужно поменять лампочку = said that the bulb needs to be replaced

Russian often uses что to introduce reported speech or a subordinate clause after verbs like:

• сказать = to say
• думать = to think
• знать = to know
• понимать = to understand

Because нужно is an impersonal word meaning it is necessary / it is needed / one needs to.

So нужно поменять лампочку literally means:

• it is necessary to replace the bulb

This structure is very common in Russian when the speaker does not want to specify exactly who must do it, or when that is obvious from context.

Compare:

• нужно поменять лампочку = the bulb needs to be replaced / it’s necessary to replace the bulb
• он должен поменять лампочку = he must replace the bulb

The Russian sentence sounds natural because the mechanic is giving an assessment, not necessarily assigning a person directly.

Поменять is perfective, and менять is imperfective.

Here, the idea is a single completed replacement:

• нужно поменять лампочку = the bulb needs to be replaced

Russian often uses the perfective infinitive after words like нужно, надо, можно, and нельзя when talking about a concrete, complete action.

Compare:

• нужно поменять лампочку = it is necessary to replace the bulb
• нужно менять лампочку каждый год = it is necessary to replace the bulb every year / regularly

The imperfective would suggest a repeated or ongoing process, while the perfective fits a one-time fix.

Because поменять takes a direct object, and that object is in the accusative case.

• лампочка = nominative
• лампочку = accusative

Since лампочка is a feminine noun ending in -а, the accusative singular changes to -у:

• лампочка → лампочку

So:

• поменять лампочку = to replace the bulb

Быстро means quickly. In this sentence, быстро посмотрел is the most straightforward way to say quickly looked.

Russian word order is flexible, so you could move быстро around for emphasis:

• Мастер быстро посмотрел на фару... = neutral, natural
• Мастер посмотрел на фару быстро... = possible, but less neutral in many contexts
• Быстро мастер посмотрел на фару... = emphasizes quickly

The version in your sentence is the most normal one.

Not always, but very often when the meaning is look at something.

Examples:

• посмотреть на фару = look at the headlight
• посмотреть на часы = look at the clock/watch
• посмотреть на него = look at him

But посмотреть can also be used in other patterns with different meanings, for example:

• посмотреть фильм = watch a film
• посмотреть, что случилось = see what happened
• посмотреть в окно = look out the window / look into the window area

So на + accusative is common for look at, but it is not the only construction.

Yes, that is a very natural English translation.

The Russian sentence is flexible enough to match several natural English versions, such as:

• The mechanic quickly looked at the headlight and said that the bulb needed to be replaced.
• The mechanic took a quick look at the headlight and said the bulb needed replacing.
• The technician quickly checked the headlight and said the bulb had to be changed.

The exact English wording can vary, but the Russian grammar stays the same.

Yes: it is a sequence of two actions joined by и:

1. Мастер быстро посмотрел на фару
2. и сказал, что нужно поменять лампочку

So the structure is:

• [subject] + [first action] + и + [second action], что + [subordinate clause]

This is a very common Russian pattern for narration:

• someone did something
• and then said/thought/noticed that something was the case

It is straightforward and very natural Russian.

Russian does not have articles like a and the.

So:

• мастер can mean a mechanic or the mechanic
• фара / фару can mean a headlight or the headlight
• лампочку can mean a bulb or the bulb

The exact meaning depends on context.

In this sentence, English naturally uses the because the context makes the items specific:

• the mechanic being discussed
• the headlight being examined
• the bulb in that headlight

Russian simply leaves that to context instead of using articles.