На дороге видно обледенение, и рядом появилась наледь.

Because на here means on or on/at the road, and after a preposition of location, Russian uses the prepositional case.

• дорога = road
• на дороге = on the road

So the noun changes from nominative дорога to prepositional дороге.

A useful pattern:

• на столе = on the table
• в доме = in the house
• на дороге = on the road

If there were motion onto the road, Russian would usually use the accusative instead:

• на дорогу = onto the road

Видно here means something like it is visible, you can see, or it can be seen.

In this sentence:

• На дороге видно обледенение
  = Icing is visible on the road / You can see icing on the road

This is a very common impersonal Russian structure. Russian often avoids using a subject like it when English would say it is visible.

Compare:

• Видно дом. = The house is visible. / You can see the house.
• Отсюда видно море. = You can see the sea from here.

So видно is not agreeing with a subject here; it works as an impersonal predicate.

Because Russian often uses impersonal sentences where English would need a dummy subject like it.

English:

• It is visible
• It is cold
• It is necessary

Russian often simply says:

• Видно = visible / can be seen
• Холодно = cold
• Нужно = necessary / needed

So На дороге видно обледенение literally feels more like:

• On the road, visible [is] icing but naturally it means:
• Icing is visible on the road

Both relate to ice, but they are not exactly the same.

• обледенение = icing, the formation of ice, icy coating

  • often sounds a bit more general or technical
  • can describe the process or condition of becoming covered with ice

• наледь = a sheet/layer/deposit of ice, often a visible patch or buildup

  • usually refers to a concrete icy formation
  • common in descriptions of roads, sidewalks, roofs, riversides, etc.

So in this sentence:

• видно обледенение = signs of icing are visible / there is visible icing
• появилась наледь = an ice layer / icy patch appeared nearby

The writer may be using two different nouns to avoid repetition and to give slightly different shades of meaning.

Because the verb agrees with наледь, and наледь is a feminine noun.

• наледь = feminine
• past tense feminine form of появиться = появилась

Russian past tense agrees in gender and number:

• masculine: появился
• feminine: появилась
• neuter: появилось
• plural: появились

So:

• рядом появилась наледь = a patch/layer of ice appeared nearby

Even though -ь endings can be tricky, many nouns ending in -ь are feminine, and наледь is one of them.

The verb появиться is perfective, and here that makes sense because the sentence describes a new appearance/result:

• появилась наледь = ice appeared / formed

Perfective verbs in Russian often focus on:

• a completed event
• a change of state
• a result

The imperfective partner is появляться:

• появлялась = was appearing / used to appear / appeared repeatedly

In this sentence, the point is that the ice has now appeared, so perfective появилась is the natural choice.

Рядом means nearby, next to it, or close by.

In this sentence:

• и рядом появилась наледь = and nearby a patch of ice appeared

Рядом can be used in two common ways:

1. By itself as an adverb:

   • Рядом никого нет. = There is nobody nearby.
   • Рядом появилась наледь. = Ice appeared nearby.

2. With с + instrumental:

   • рядом с домом = next to the house
   • рядом с дорогой = beside the road

So here it is simply an adverb meaning nearby.

Because обледенение is the thing that is visible, and in this kind of impersonal sentence, that noun often stays in the nominative.

• видно обледенение = icing is visible

This is similar to:

• Видно море. = The sea is visible.
• Слышно музыку. = Music can be heard.

In some structures with words like видно, Russian can also use other patterns depending on meaning, but here обледенение is simply the visible thing, so nominative is natural.

The word order is natural, but Russian word order is more flexible than English.

The sentence:

• На дороге видно обледенение, и рядом появилась наледь.

puts the location first:

• На дороге = on the road

That helps set the scene before telling you what is seen there.

The second clause:

• рядом появилась наледь also starts with location-like information (nearby) and then gives the new event (ice appeared).

You could change the order in some contexts, but the original sounds smooth and informative. Russian often uses word order to manage focus and emphasis, not just grammar.

It is a real and useful word, especially in weather, road, and safety contexts, but it is somewhat more specific than very basic words like лёд.

• лёд = ice
• наледь = an icy buildup / ice sheet / glazed ice formation

So a native speaker would understand it, especially in reports about winter conditions, roads, sidewalks, roofs, and transportation. It may sound a bit more specific or formal than just saying лёд.

For example:

• На дороге лёд. = There is ice on the road.
• На дороге наледь. = There is an icy layer / glaze ice on the road.

The second one is more precise.

Yes, in natural English you might translate more freely depending on context.

Literal-ish translation:

• Icing is visible on the road, and nearby a layer of ice has appeared.

More natural English possibilities:

• There is visible icing on the road, and an icy patch has formed nearby.
• The road shows signs of icing, and a patch of ice has formed nearby.
• Icing can be seen on the road, and nearby an icy layer has appeared.

So the Russian does not force one single English phrasing. The grammar is Russian, but the best English translation may use:

• is visible
• can be seen
• there is
• has formed depending on style and context.