A informação sobre a colheita chegou hoje.

Because a is the feminine singular definite article, meaning the.

• informação is a feminine singular noun
• so a informação = the information

Portuguese uses articles more often than English, so keeping a here sounds natural.

It is singular.

Like English information, informação is often used as an uncountable noun. So:

• informação = information
• informações = pieces of information, details

In this sentence, a informação means the information or possibly the news, depending on context.

Here, sobre means about, on, or regarding.

So:

• sobre a colheita = about the harvest

It introduces the topic of the information.

Because Portuguese often uses an article where English would not.

• a colheita = the harvest
• sobre a colheita = about the harvest

Without the article, sobre colheita would sound too general or unnatural in this sentence.

Also, sobre does not contract with a, so it stays sobre a, not a combined form.

Colheita means harvest.

It can refer to:

• the act of harvesting
• the crop that has been harvested
• a particular harvest season or yield, depending on context

In this sentence, it most likely refers to the harvest as a topic being discussed.

Chegou is the pretérito perfeito simples of chegar.

It is the 3rd person singular form, because the subject is singular: a informação.

So:

• chegar = to arrive
• chegou = arrived / has arrived

In natural English, this sentence could often be translated with either arrived today or has arrived today, depending on context.

This is an important point in European Portuguese.

For a single completed event, European Portuguese normally uses chegou, even if English might use has arrived.

• A informação chegou hoje = the information arrived today / has arrived today

By contrast, tem chegado in European Portuguese usually suggests something repeated, ongoing, or happening over a period of time.

So chegou is the natural choice here for one arrival today.

Yes.

In Portuguese, chegar is often used not only for people and physical objects, but also for things like:

• information
• news
• messages
• letters
• documents

So a informação chegou can mean that the information arrived, came in, or was received.

The subject is A informação sobre a colheita.

More precisely:

• core noun: informação
• modifying phrase: sobre a colheita

So the whole noun phrase A informação sobre a colheita is what arrived today.

That is why the verb is singular: chegou.

Putting hoje at the end is very natural and neutral.

• A informação sobre a colheita chegou hoje.

You can move it for emphasis, for example:

• Hoje, a informação sobre a colheita chegou.
• Hoje chegou a informação sobre a colheita.

But the original order is the most straightforward and natural in everyday use.

Sometimes, yes, but the meaning shifts slightly.

• informação = information, details, factual content
• notícia = news, a news item, a report

So:

• A informação sobre a colheita chegou hoje = the information about the harvest arrived today
• A notícia sobre a colheita chegou hoje = the news/report about the harvest arrived today

Informação sounds broader and more neutral.

A broad European Portuguese pronunciation is:

A informação sobre a colheita chegou hoje
[ɐ ĩfuɾmɐˈsɐ̃w ˈsoβɾɐ kuˈʎɐjtɐ ʃɨˈɣow ˈɔʒɨ]

A rough English-style guide could be:

uh in-for-ma-SOWN SO-bruh kuh-LYAI-tuh shuh-GOH OZH-uh

A few useful points:

• informação has stress on the last syllable
• lh in colheita sounds like lli in some pronunciations of million
• ch in chegou sounds like sh
• unstressed vowels are often reduced in European Portuguese, so the sentence sounds more compressed than a learner might expect