Learn Hardcore Portuguese (Portugal): Eu ainda estou magoado com o resultado do exame. - I am still hurt by the result of the exam.

Both are natural in European Portuguese.
Putting ainda at the end (e.g. Estou magoado com o resultado do exame ainda.) is unusual and sounds odd in standard European Portuguese in this context.

Why is it estou magoado and not sou magoado?

Portuguese uses:

estar + adjective for temporary states or feelings
ser + adjective for permanent or defining characteristics

Being hurt (emotionally) about an exam result is a temporary emotional state, so you say:

Estou magoado. – I’m hurt (right now / still).

Sou magoado would sound like you are by nature a hurt/bitter person, which is not what is meant here.

Does magoado refer to emotional hurt, physical hurt, or both?

Magoado can refer to both, depending on context:

Physical:
- Fiquei magoado no joelho. – I hurt/injured my knee.
Emotional (the meaning in your sentence):
- Estou magoado contigo. – I’m hurt (my feelings are hurt) with you.

Here, because it’s “with the result of the exam”, it clearly means emotionally hurt / upset / wounded.

Why is it magoado and not magoada?

Adjectives in Portuguese agree in gender and number with the noun or pronoun they describe.

Eu can be masculine or feminine, but magoado (ending in -o) is the masculine form.
The feminine form is magoada (ending in -a).

So:

A man: Eu ainda estou magoado…
A woman: Eu ainda estou magoada…

The sentence as given assumes the speaker is male.

Could I leave out eu and just say Ainda estou magoado com o resultado do exame?

Yes. In Portuguese (especially European Portuguese), the subject pronoun is often dropped because the verb form already shows the person.

Eu ainda estou magoado…
Ainda estou magoado…

Both are correct. Leaving out eu is very natural in speech. You might keep eu for emphasis, e.g.:

Eu ainda estou magoado, mas os outros já ultrapassaram isso.
(I am still hurt, but the others have already moved on.)

Why is the preposition com used here? Could I use por or de instead?

With feelings like magoado, chateado, zangado, the usual preposition is com:

Estou magoado com o resultado do exame.
Estou chateado com a situação.
Estou zangado contigo.

You can sometimes use por or de with other adjectives or structures, but here com is the natural, idiomatic choice.
Por would sound unusual or wrong in standard European Portuguese in this specific sentence.

What exactly does do in do exame mean?

Do is a contraction of the preposition de + the masculine singular article o:

de
- o → do

So:

o resultado do exame = the result of the exam

Literally: the result of-the exam.

Other similar contractions:

de + a = da (e.g. resultado da prova)
de + os = dos
de + as = das

Is there a difference between resultado do exame and nota do exame?

Yes, there is a nuance:

resultado do exame – quite general: the outcome of the exam (which could be pass/fail, the grade, a diagnosis, etc., depending on the type of exam).
nota do exame – specifically the grade/mark you got in the exam (school/university context).

In most school contexts where you’re upset about a number/mark, many speakers would naturally say:

Ainda estou magoado com a nota do exame.

Is estou magoado a continuous form like English I am being hurt?

No. In Portuguese, estar + adjective is generally not a progressive/continuous action like English “be + -ing”. It usually describes a state:

Estou magoado. – I am (in a hurt state / I feel hurt).
Estou cansado. – I am tired.
Estou contente. – I am happy.

The continuous aspect is made with estar a + infinitive in European Portuguese:

Estou a magoar-me. – I am hurting myself (right now).
But that’s a totally different meaning.

What’s the difference between magoado, chateado, and triste?

All relate to negative feelings, but with different shades:

magoado – hurt, wounded (emotionally), often suggests hurt feelings, sometimes with a sense of unfairness or being offended.
chateado – annoyed, bothered, upset; can be milder, like fed up or irritated.
triste – sad, focuses more on sadness itself, not necessarily offended.

Examples:

Estou magoado contigo. – My feelings are hurt because of you.
Estou chateado com o trânsito. – I’m annoyed with the traffic.
Estou triste com o que aconteceu. – I’m sad about what happened.

You could say:

Ainda estou triste com o resultado do exame. – similar idea, but the focus is more on sadness than on feeling “wounded” or “offended by it”.

Would Brazilians say this sentence in the same way?

It’s understandable and correct in Brazil, but there are some typical preferences:

In Portugal, exame is standard for a school exam.
In Brazil, many people would more often say prova for a test/exam.

So a very natural Brazilian version in everyday speech might be:

Eu ainda estou magoado com o resultado da prova.

The structure Eu ainda estou magoado com… is fine in both varieties; the big difference here is exame (PT) vs prova (BR) in many educational contexts.

Could I say Eu ainda me sinto magoado com o resultado do exame instead of Eu ainda estou magoado…? Is there a difference?

Yes, you can say it, and both are correct. The difference is subtle:

Eu ainda estou magoado…
- Simple statement of your current emotional state.
Eu ainda me sinto magoado…
- Slightly more explicit about personal feeling, sometimes a bit more introspective or subjective.

In everyday conversation, Estou magoado is more common and more direct.
Sinto-me magoado (me sinto magoado in Brazil) can sound a bit more reflective or formal, depending on context.