A pendência aparece no requerimento.

A is the definite article, so it means the pending issue / unresolved matter. It suggests that the speaker has a specific pendency in mind, not just any one.

If you said uma pendência, it would mean a pending issue, introducing it more generally.

• A pendência aparece no requerimento. = The issue appears in the application.
• Uma pendência aparece no requerimento. = An issue appears in the application.

Yes. Pendência is a feminine noun, so it takes feminine articles and adjectives:

• a pendência
• uma pendência
• essa pendência
• pendência resolvida

That is why the sentence starts with A pendência and not O pendência.

In Brazilian Portuguese, pendência usually means an unresolved issue, outstanding matter, or pending item. It is very common in bureaucratic, legal, financial, and administrative contexts.

Depending on the situation, it can refer to things like:

• missing documentation
• an unresolved requirement
• an unpaid amount
• a problem that still needs action

So it often has a more official or procedural tone than a casual everyday word.

Because aparece is the conjugated form of the verb aparecer in the present tense.

The subject is a pendência, which is third person singular, so the verb must match it:

• eu apareço
• você/ele/ela aparece
• nós aparecemos
• eles/elas aparecem

So:

• A pendência aparece... = The issue appears...

Using aparecer by itself would be the infinitive, like to appear, which does not work here as the main finite verb.

Because Portuguese normally contracts the preposition em with the definite article o:

• em + o = no
• em + a = na
• em + os = nos
• em + as = nas

So:

• no requerimento = in the application/formal request

Saying em o requerimento would sound unnatural in standard Portuguese.

Requerimento is a fairly formal word. In Brazil, it usually means a formal request, application, petition, or official written filing, depending on the context.

It is common in administrative, legal, academic, or government language.

So compared with more general words:

• pedido = request/order, broader and more common
• solicitação = request, often formal but more general
• requerimento = formal written request/application, often bureaucratic

In this kind of sentence, aparece often means something like:

• shows up
• appears
• is visible
• comes up
• sometimes even is listed or shows on the record

In bureaucratic contexts, it may not mean a dramatic literal appearing. It often just means that the issue is present in the document or system.

So the exact English translation depends on context.

Yes, but the nuance is a little different.

• A pendência aparece no requerimento suggests that the issue shows up in the application, or becomes visible/identified there.
• A pendência está no requerimento simply says the issue is in the application.

Another common formal alternative is:

• A pendência consta no requerimento.

Consta is especially common in formal or administrative language and can mean is recorded/listed in.

Yes. This is a very normal word order in Portuguese:

• A pendência = subject
• aparece = verb
• no requerimento = prepositional phrase

So it follows the basic pattern:

Subject + Verb + Complement

Portuguese can sometimes move things around for emphasis, but this version is neutral and natural.

A rough pronunciation guide:

• pendência → pen-DEN-see-a
  Stress on dên
• requerimento → he-keh-ree-MEN-too in many Brazilian accents, with the initial r pronounced like an English h sound
  Stress on men

A few helpful notes:

• In Brazilian Portuguese, unstressed e can sound closer to i in some positions.
• The r at the beginning of requerimento is usually pronounced like a strong throaty h sound in most of Brazil.
• The ending -to is usually a clear too sound.

Yes. The plural is pendências.

Examples:

• Há pendências no requerimento. = There are pending issues in the application.
• As pendências aparecem no sistema. = The pending issues appear in the system.

So in your sentence, a pendência refers to one specific unresolved matter.