Fachowiec sprawdza odpływ i mówi, że rura musi być wymieniona.

Fachowiec means something like a skilled worker, a tradesperson, a professional repair person, or an expert in a practical job.

In this sentence, it sounds like:

• a repairman
• a technician
• someone called in to inspect a problem

It is a fairly common everyday word, and it is a bit broader than a specific job title like hydraulik (plumber). So if you already know the person is dealing with pipes, English might naturally translate it as the plumber, but the Polish word itself is more general.

This is about aspect.

• sprawdza = imperfective
• sprawdzi = perfective

In Polish, the imperfective verb is used for:

• ongoing actions
• repeated actions
• general descriptions of what someone is doing

So Fachowiec sprawdza odpływ means The repairman is checking the drain / checks the drain.

If you used sprawdzi, that would usually point to a completed action in the future, for example:

• Fachowiec sprawdzi odpływ = The repairman will check the drain

So in your sentence, sprawdza is the natural choice.

Odpływ is the direct object of sprawdza, so it is in the accusative case.

However, for many inanimate masculine nouns, the accusative singular looks exactly the same as the nominative singular.

So:

• nominative: odpływ
• accusative: odpływ

That is why the form does not change.

This is very common in Polish. For example:

• mam stół = I have a table
• widzę samochód = I see a car
  
  • here it changes because the noun has a different accusative form
• sprawdzam odpływ = I check the drain
  
  • here nominative and accusative happen to look the same

In this context, odpływ means drain.

Depending on context, it can refer to:

• the drain opening
• the drainage outlet
• the outflow point where water goes away

So in a bathroom or kitchen situation, sprawdza odpływ most naturally means checks the drain.

It is not the same as rura (pipe), although they are closely related. The sentence mentions both:

• odpływ = the drain
• rura = the pipe

Że means that.

So:

• mówi, że... = says that...

This is one of the most common structures in Polish.

Examples:

• Mówi, że jest zmęczony. = He says that he is tired.
• Myślę, że to działa. = I think that it works.
• Wiem, że masz rację. = I know that you are right.

In English, that is often optional:

• He says the pipe must be replaced
• He says that the pipe must be replaced

In Polish, że is normally expressed.

Because Polish is using a passive construction here:

• musi = must
• być = be
• wymieniona = replaced

So the whole phrase means:

• must be replaced

This works very much like English:

• The pipe must be replaced

If you used wymienić, that would be an active infinitive meaning to replace. Then you would need a different structure, for example:

• Trzeba wymienić rurę. = The pipe needs to be replaced / It is necessary to replace the pipe.
• Muszą wymienić rurę. = They have to replace the pipe.

But in your sentence, the focus is on the pipe receiving the action, not on who will do it. That is why Polish uses the passive: musi być wymieniona.

Because wymieniona agrees with rura, and rura is a feminine singular noun.

In Polish, passive participles behave a lot like adjectives, so they must agree in:

• gender
• number
• case

Here:

• rura = feminine singular
• so the participle is wymieniona

Compare:

• rura musi być wymieniona = the pipe must be replaced
• odpływ musi być wymieniony = the drain must be replaced
  
  • odpływ is masculine, so wymieniony
• rury muszą być wymienione = the pipes must be replaced
  
  • plural, so wymienione

Both are possible, but they are not exactly the same in tone.

• musi być wymieniona = must be replaced
• musi zostać wymieniona = also must be replaced

The version with być is very common and neutral.

The version with zostać can sound a bit more formal, more explicitly passive, or slightly more focused on the action being carried out.

In everyday speech, musi być wymieniona is completely natural.

Yes, absolutely. That is a very natural alternative.

Compare:

• rura musi być wymieniona
  = the pipe must be replaced

  • passive
  • focus on the pipe

• trzeba wymienić rurę
  = it is necessary to replace the pipe / the pipe needs to be replaced

  • more impersonal
  • very common in spoken Polish

Both are good. The version in your sentence is just a bit more directly parallel to English the pipe must be replaced.

Yes, Polish word order is more flexible than English word order, but the sentence you have is the most neutral and natural order.

Basic structure:

• Fachowiec = subject
• sprawdza odpływ = checks the drain
• i mówi = and says
• że rura musi być wymieniona = that the pipe must be replaced

You could change the word order for emphasis, but it might sound less neutral. For example:

• Fachowiec mówi, że rura musi być wymieniona, sprawdzając odpływ
  
  • grammatical, but much less natural here
• Rura musi być wymieniona, mówi fachowiec, sprawdzając odpływ
  
  • literary or dramatic

For everyday speech, the original version is best.

Because Polish has no articles.

So:

• fachowiec can mean a repairman or the repairman
• odpływ can mean a drain or the drain
• rura can mean a pipe or the pipe

You understand which one is meant from context.

In this sentence, English would probably use:

• The repairman checks the drain and says that the pipe must be replaced.

But Polish does not need separate words for the and a.

A rough English-style guide:

• fachowiec ≈ fa-HO-vyets
• sprawdza ≈ SPRAHV-dza
• odpływ ≈ OD-pwihf
• mówi ≈ MOO-vee
• że ≈ zheh
• rura ≈ ROO-ra
• musi ≈ MOO-shee
• być ≈ bihch
• wymieniona ≈ vih-mye-NYO-na

A few useful notes:

• w in Polish sounds like English v
• ó sounds like u
• rz often sounds like zh
• cz sounds like ch
• ś / si sounds like a soft sh
• ć / ci sounds like a soft ch

So musi być wymieniona has several of those soft consonants that English speakers often need to practice.

Not necessarily.

Grammatically, fachowiec is a masculine noun form, but in real usage it can sometimes refer generally to a professional worker without strongly emphasizing biological sex.

Still, in traditional usage it most often suggests a male worker. If you specifically wanted to refer to a woman, you might sometimes hear:

• specjalistka
• fachowczyni
  though this last one is less common and may sound marked depending on the speaker

In many real-life situations, Polish speakers simply use fachowiec as the default practical term.

The base verb is wymienić, which is a perfective verb meaning to replace or to exchange.

From that verb, Polish forms the passive participle:

• wymieniony = replaced (masculine)
• wymieniona = replaced (feminine)
• wymienione = replaced (neuter/plural in some contexts)

So:

• rura musi być wymieniona literally means:
• the pipe must be in a replaced state

That is why it translates naturally as:

• the pipe must be replaced

It is normal, natural, everyday Polish.

Nothing in it sounds unusually formal or literary. A technician, plumber, or repair person could easily say something like this in real life.

The only small point is that fachowiec is a broad word. In a specific home-repair situation, people might also say:

• hydraulik = plumber
• serwisant = service technician
• majster = handyman / tradesman, depending on context

But the sentence as given is completely standard and natural.