Pater putat mores urbanos et rusticos inter se differre, sed bonos homines ubique inveniri.

The main finite verb is putat = thinks.

Everything after putat is what the father thinks:

• mores urbanos et rusticos inter se differre
• sed bonos homines ubique inveniri

So the basic structure is:

Pater putat ... = The father thinks that ...

Because after verbs of thinking, saying, knowing, hearing, and similar ideas, Latin often uses the accusative-and-infinitive construction instead of a clause with that.

So instead of saying:

• Pater putat quod mores differunt
• Pater putat quod boni homines inveniuntur

Latin more naturally says:

• Pater putat mores ... differre
• Pater putat bonos homines ... inveniri

A very literal English rendering would be:

The father thinks urban and rural customs to differ from one another, but good people to be found everywhere.

In the accusative-and-infinitive construction, the subject of the infinitive goes into the accusative.

So:

• mores urbanos et rusticos is the subject of differre
• bonos homines is the subject of inveniri

But because these subjects are inside indirect statement after putat, they appear in the accusative.

That is why Latin has:

• mores, not mores in a nominative-looking role by translation alone
• homines, not homines as a nominative subject of a finite verb

In other words, they are logical subjects, but grammatically they are accusative because of the construction.

Because urbanos and rusticos are adjectives agreeing with mores.

Since mores is:

• masculine
• plural
• accusative

the adjectives must also be:

• masculine
• plural
• accusative

So:

• mores urbanos = urban customs
• mores rusticos = rural customs

If the phrase were nominative, then you would expect mores urbani et rustici.

Inter se means with one another, among themselves, or from each other.

With differre, it gives the idea:

to differ from one another

So:

mores urbanos et rusticos inter se differre means that urban and rural customs differ from one another

It is a very common expression in Latin.

Because inveniri is the present passive infinitive of invenio.

• invenire = to find
• inveniri = to be found

Here the meaning is not good people find everywhere, but rather:

good people are found everywhere or good people can be found everywhere

So the passive infinitive is exactly what Latin needs.

Latin often leaves out a repeated word when it is easily understood.

So:

Pater putat mores urbanos et rusticos inter se differre, sed bonos homines ubique inveniri

really means:

Pater putat mores urbanos et rusticos inter se differre, sed putat bonos homines ubique inveniri

The second putat is understood from the first one.

This is a normal kind of ellipsis in Latin.

Mores is the plural of mos.

Depending on context, mos / mores can mean:

• custom
• habit
• way of life
• character
• social behavior

In this sentence, mores urbanos et rusticos most naturally means something like:

• urban customs and rural customs
• the ways of life of city people and country people

It does not just mean morals in the narrow modern English sense.

Ubique is an adverb meaning everywhere.

It modifies inveniri:

bonos homines ubique inveniri = that good people are found everywhere

Latin adverbs are often fairly flexible in word order, so ubique could appear in different places without changing the basic meaning.

Yes. Sed means but, and it connects two infinitive clauses that both depend on putat.

The two thoughts are:

1. mores urbanos et rusticos inter se differre
2. bonos homines ubique inveniri

So the overall sense is:

The father thinks that urban and rural customs differ from one another, but that good people are found everywhere.

Because Latin does not need esse here.

The ideas are expressed by the infinitives already present:

• differre = to differ
• inveniri = to be found

An infinitive of esse would only be needed if the thought itself required a form of to be, such as:

• Pater putat bonos homines ubique esse = The father thinks good people are everywhere

But this sentence says something slightly different:

• bonos homines ubique inveniri = good people are found everywhere

So esse is neither missing nor implied here; it is simply not the verb being used.

The word order is natural and clear, but it also helps group the ideas neatly:

• Pater putat
• mores urbanos et rusticos
• inter se differre
• sed bonos homines
• ubique inveniri

Latin word order is more flexible than English word order, because the endings show the grammar. Here the arrangement helps the reader see:

• first object and infinitive
• then contrasting second object and infinitive

So the sentence is both grammatical and stylistically balanced.