Nuper nova discipula in scholam venit, et omnes iudicant eam prudentem esse.

Because venit can be either:

• present: she comes
• perfect: she came / she has come

In this sentence, nuper means recently, so it strongly suggests the perfect sense:

• Nuper ... venit = She recently came or has recently come

So the context tells you which meaning is intended.

Nova discipula is nominative singular feminine.

It is the subject of venit, so it must be in the nominative.

Also, the adjective nova agrees with discipula in:

• gender: feminine
• number: singular
• case: nominative

So:

• discipula = student / female student
• nova discipula = new female student

Because discipula is the feminine form. Latin often distinguishes masculine and feminine forms for people:

• discipulus = male student
• discipula = female student

So the sentence clearly tells you the new student is female.

Because Latin uses in with different cases depending on the idea:

• in + accusative = into / to, showing motion toward
• in + ablative = in / on, showing location

So:

• in scholam venit = she came to school / into the school
• in schola est = she is in school / in the school

This is a very common Latin pattern.

Yes, ad scholam is possible, but the nuance is a little different.

• in scholam emphasizes movement into the school
• ad scholam emphasizes movement to / toward the school

In many contexts, English simply says to school, so either may look similar in translation. But in + accusative often suggests actual entry.

Omnes is the subject of iudicant.

It means all (people) or more naturally everyone.

Grammatically, it is nominative plural. Latin often uses omnes by itself to mean all people without adding a noun.

So:

• omnes iudicant = everyone judges / everyone thinks

Because iudicare can mean not only to judge in a legal or formal sense, but also to consider, to regard, or to think.

In this sentence, with eam prudentem esse, it means:

• they judge/consider her to be wise
• more natural English: they think she is wise

So this is normal Latin usage, not a strange translation choice.

Because after verbs like iudicant, Latin often uses an indirect statement construction.

That construction is:

• accusative subject + infinitive

So:

• eam = her (accusative subject of the infinitive)
• esse = to be
• prudentem = wise (agreeing with eam)

Literally, Latin says:

• everyone judges her to be wise

English often turns that into:

• everyone thinks that she is wise

So eam prudentem esse is exactly what you expect after iudicant.

In an accusative-and-infinitive construction, the subject of the infinitive goes into the accusative.

So:

• eam is the accusative subject of esse

Then the adjective describing that accusative subject also matches it:

• prudentem agrees with eam in gender, number, and case

That is why you get:

• eam prudentem esse = her to be wise

If it were a normal main clause, you would instead have:

• ea prudens est = she is wise

Because prudentem must agree with eam, which is accusative singular feminine.

The adjective prudens is a third-declension adjective, and its forms include:

• prudens = nominative singular
• prudentem = accusative singular

Since the construction requires the accusative, the adjective must also be accusative:

• eam prudentem esse

Yes, in normal prose it is.

The indirect statement needs an infinitive, and here the infinitive is esse = to be.

So:

• eam prudentem esse = her to be wise

Without esse, the structure would be incomplete in standard prose. Latin can sometimes omit forms of to be in special styles or very compressed expressions, but a learner should treat esse here as fully required.

Because Latin verb endings usually already show the person and number.

• venit tells you the subject is he/she/it in the singular
• iudicant tells you the subject is they

And in this sentence, the nouns themselves are stated anyway:

• nova discipula = the subject of venit
• omnes = the subject of iudicant

So Latin does not need separate subject pronouns unless it wants extra emphasis or contrast.

Latin word order is more flexible than English word order because case endings show each word’s function.

This sentence is arranged in a very natural way:

• Nuper first, to set the time
• nova discipula next, introducing the new person
• in scholam before the verb, giving the destination
• venit at the end of the clause, a very common Latin placement

Then the second clause:

• et omnes iudicant eam prudentem esse

puts the main verb early and then gives the indirect statement.

So the order is not random, but it is also not as rigid as English.

Nuper means recently, not long ago, or sometimes just now, depending on context.

Here it tells you that the arrival happened in the recent past. That is one of the main reasons venit is understood as perfect rather than present.

So nuper is a simple adverb of time, but it is doing important interpretive work in the sentence.