Usages of esse
Ego sum laetus.
I am happy.
Tu es laetus.
You are happy.
Familia est magna.
The family is large.
Amicus est laetus.
The friend is happy.
Puella est laeta.
The girl is happy.
Discipulus et magister in via sunt.
The student and the teacher are on the road.
Amicus cum discipulo in via est.
The friend is on the road with the student.
Pater et mater cum familia in villa laeti sunt.
Father and mother are happy with the family in the villa.
Oppidum est magnum, sed non est urbs.
The town is large, but it is not a city.
Iter longum est, et nos in oppidum festinamus.
The journey is long, and we hurry to the town.
Si via est longa, equus utilis est.
If the road is long, a horse is useful.
Equus etiam agricolae utilis est in agris.
A horse is also useful to the farmer in the fields.
In insula magna est silva, et multi senes ibi habitant.
On the large island there is a forest, and many old men live there.
Magistra discipulae narrat: “Tempus est bonum.”
(The female teacher tells the female student: “Time is good.”)
Si tempestas in mari est, nautae magnum periculum timent.
If there is a storm at sea, the sailors fear great danger.
Nos laeti sumus, et multum laboramus.
We are happy, and we work a lot.
Iter longum, sed nos laeti sumus.
The journey is long, but we are happy.
Nomen militis est Marcus, sed multi eum timidum vocant.
The soldier’s name is Marcus, but many call him timid.
Marcus tamen fortis est et bellum non amat.
However, Marcus is brave and does not love war.
Imperator scit: “Pax est melior quam bellum.”
The emperor knows: “Peace is better than war.”
Si timidus es, studere potes in urbe, sed si fortis es, potes dormire in horto.
If you are timid, you can study in the city, but if you are brave, you can sleep in the garden.
Multi dicunt nomen meum altum esse, sed ego sum discipulus laetus.
Many say my name is lofty, but I am a happy student.
Mox puer fortis erit, et miles erit.
(Soon the boy will be brave, and he will be a soldier.)
Imperator dicit: “Miles fortis erit, sed bellum manebit.”
(The emperor says: “The soldier will be brave, but war will remain.”)
Nuntius dicit: “Mox dea ad urbem ambulabit et templum laetum erit.”
(The messenger says: “Soon the goddess will walk to the city and the temple will be happy.”)
Tu es timidus, tamen mens tua fortis est.
You are timid, however your mind is strong.
Nunc orare in templo melius est.
Now it is better to pray in the temple.
Magister in horto laetior est quam in villa.
The teacher is happier in the garden than in the house.
Laetus sum, quia magister meus me laudat.
I am happy because my teacher praises me.
Discipulus dicit: "Caelum specto, nam interdum est pulchrum."
The student says: "I look at the sky, for sometimes it is beautiful."
Hodie dies clarus fuit, sed discipuli tamen in schola manserunt.
Today the day was bright, but the students nevertheless stayed in the school.
Heri nox quoque quieta fuit, nam ignem in via numquam vidimus.
Yesterday the night was also quiet, for we never saw a fire in the road.
Cras dies brevis erit, sed multi discipuli ad scholam venient.
Tomorrow the day will be short, but many students will come to the school.
Heri puella tristis fuit, nunc tamen cum fratre suo ridet.
Yesterday the girl was sad, now however she laughs with her brother.
Hodie dies brevis fuit, sed cras dies longus erit in schola.
Today the day was short, but tomorrow the day will be long at school.
Post quietam noctem corpus discipulae non est triste, sed laborare vult et studere potest.
After a quiet night the female student's body is not sad, but it wants to work and is able to study.
Hodie caelum clarum est.
Today the sky is bright.
Vox discipuli clara est.
The student's voice is clear.
Domus magna est.
The house is large.
Puer intrat cubiculum quod parvum est.
The boy enters the bedroom which is small.
In cubiculo fenestra est, et puer eam vesperi claudit.
In the bedroom there is a window, and the boy closes it in the evening.
Hodie dies frigidus est, sed domus calida est.
Today the day is cold, but the house is warm.
Filia respondet: "Librum lego, quia foris dies frigidus est."
The daughter answers: "I am reading a book, because outside the day is cold."
Filia respondet: "Fortasse cras cum eis curram; nunc domi manere melius est."
The daughter answers: "Perhaps tomorrow I will run with them; now it is better to stay at home."
Mater respondet: "Nonne avia in horto cantabit, ubi luna et stellae lucent? Nunc fenestram aperio, ita lucerna clara erit."
Mother answers: "Won’t grandmother sing in the garden, where the moon and stars shine? Now I am opening the window, so the lamp will be bright."
Mater respondet: "Nonne potestis ludere aut legere? Quomodo sine avia tristes esse potestis?"
Mother answers: "Can you not play or read? How can you be sad without grandmother?"
Hodie dies obscurus est.
Today the day is dark.
Discipulus libros legit, ita mens eius non est tristis.
The student reads books, so his mind is not sad.
In domo nostra magna ianua et paucae fenestrae sunt.
In our house there is a large door and few windows.
In cubiculo parvo lectus est, et prope fenestram sella stat.
In the small bedroom there is a bed, and near the window a chair stands.
Mater aures pueri videt et dicit: "Aures tuae purae sunt."
Mother sees the boy's ears and says: "Your ears are clean."
Postquam pedes lavit, puer etiam aures lavat, et nunc aures purae sunt.
After he has washed his feet, the boy also washes his ears, and now his ears are clean.
Servus statim currit et celer est, domina autem lente ambulat et tarda est.
The servant runs immediately and is quick, but the lady walks slowly and is slow.
In schola magnum silentium est, et magister tacet.
In the school there is great silence, and the teacher is silent.
Quamquam nox obscura est, mater sola non timet.
Although the night is dark, mother alone is not afraid.
Vestri amici pauci sunt, sed boni; deinde alii ad scholam venient.
Your friends are few, but good; then others will come to the school.
Postquam domina fabulam narravit, pueri in lectis dormiunt et manus quietae sunt.
After the lady has told the story, the boys sleep in their beds and their hands are at rest.
Puer fessus est, tamen ad scholam currit.
The boy is tired, yet he runs to the school.
Heri coquus piscem lente coquebat, quia fessus erat.
Yesterday the cook was slowly cooking the fish, because he was tired.
Olim pater pecuniam lente numerabat, nam numeri magni erant.
Once father was slowly counting the money, for the numbers were large.
Tertia hora discipuli iam fessi sunt, sed magister adhuc docet.
At the third hour the students are already tired, but the teacher is still teaching.
Olim infans saepe aegrota erat, et medica ad villam veniebat.
Once the baby was often sick, and a female doctor used to come to the villa.
Nunc medicus dicit infantem sanum esse et mater gaudet.
Now the male doctor says that the baby is healthy and mother rejoices.
Cum puer aegrotus erat, medica cum eo manebat tota hora.
When the boy was sick, the female doctor stayed with him for a whole hour.
Postquam puer sanus erat, puer cum sorore pila iterum ludebat.
After the boy was healthy, the boy was again playing with the ball with his sister.
Postea dominus numerum pecuniae spectat et dicit pretium tunicae veteris esse nimium.
Afterwards the master looks at the amount of money and says that the price of the old tunic is too much.
Mater dicit ludum esse bonum, sed clamorem puerorum nimium esse, quia pueri diu non tacent.
Mother says the game is good, but that the noise of the boys is too much, because the boys do not keep quiet for a long time.
Pater olim laboriosus agricola erat et tota die in agris laborabat.
Father once was a hardworking farmer and all day long he used to work in the fields.
Nunc mater laboriosior est quam pater, nam tota domus cura eius est et tamen gaudet.
Now mother is more hardworking than father, for the whole house is her responsibility and yet she rejoices.
In via clamor mercatorum magnus est, sed in culina solum coquus et servus quiete loquuntur.
In the street the merchants’ noise is loud, but in the kitchen only the cook and the servant speak quietly.
Numerus in libro magnus est.
The number in the book is large.
In caelo multae nubes sunt, et pluvia lente cadit.
In the sky there are many clouds, and rain falls slowly.
Magnum flumen inter oppidum et silvam est.
A great river is between the town and the forest.
Prope scholam parva bibliotheca est, ubi discipuli post scholam libros legere amant.
Near the school there is a small library, where the students like to read books after school.
Magistra dicit: "Hic liber facilis est, ille liber difficilis; tamen vos potestis multum discere."
The (female) teacher says: "This book is easy, that book is difficult; nevertheless you can learn a lot."
Puer dicit: "Ego quoque aviam iuvare debeo, quamquam iam fessa est."
The boy says: "I also ought to help grandmother, although she is already tired."
Inter flumen et viam parvus pons est, et pueri de ponte flumen spectant.
Between the river and the road there is a small bridge, and the boys look at the river from the bridge.
Mater ianuam claudit ne infans foris exeat et ut domus tuta sit.
Mother closes the door so that the baby may not go outside and so that the house may be safe.
Magister cum discipulis in schola manet, ne pueri soli per viam domum currant; nam pueri ibi tuti sunt.
The teacher stays in the school with the students, so that the boys do not run home alone through the street; for there the boys are safe.
Puer dicit: "Hic hortus parvus est, ille autem hortus prope flumen magnus et pulcher est."
The boy says: "This garden is small, but that garden near the river is large and beautiful."
Discipuli diu in bibliotheca manent, quia discere volunt etiam ea quae difficilia sunt, non solum quae facilia sunt.
The students stay in the library for a long time, because they want to learn even the things that are difficult, not only the things that are easy.
Sic populus in urbe tutus est, quia hostes foris manent et nocte taciti non intrant.
Thus the people in the city are safe, because the enemies stay outside and do not enter silently at night.
Discipuli libros legunt et cum magistro loquuntur; sic cotidie multum discunt, ut mentes eorum semper fortiores sint.
The students read books and talk with the teacher; thus every day they learn much, so that their minds may always be stronger.
Nos ante portam exspectamus, dum mater in foro est.
We wait in front of the gate while mother is in the forum.
Pater hodie occupatus est, sed puella opus domi facit.
Father is busy today, but the girl does the work at home.
Subito nuntius venit et dicit certum esse hostes prope urbem manere.
Suddenly a messenger comes and says that it is certain that enemies are staying near the city.
Imperator scit opus grave esse, sed pacem servare vult.
The emperor knows that the task is serious, but he wants to preserve peace.
Non sum certus discipulos paratos esse, sed magistra dicit eos paratos esse.
I am not sure that the students are ready, but the teacher says that they are ready.
Magistra dicit discipulas paratas esse et pacem servare velle, quamquam opus grave est.
The teacher says that the female students are ready and want to preserve peace, although the task is serious.
Ego puto caelum hodie clarum esse.
I think that the sky is bright today.
Hic locus prope pontem tutus est.
This place near the bridge is safe.
Magister id putat verum esse.
The teacher thinks it is true.
Magistra dicit disciplinam in schola utilem esse.
The teacher says that discipline is useful in the school.
Ego certus sum te veritatem dixisse.
I am sure that you told the truth.
Servus aquam calidam ad cubiculum ferre non potest, quia fessus est.
The servant cannot carry warm water to the bedroom, because he is tired.
Imperator certus est milites in oppido vigilare.
The emperor is sure that the soldiers are keeping watch in the town.
Magister dicit nuntium verum esse.
The teacher says that the message is true.
Servus linteum invenit et rogat: “Cuius est hoc linteum?”
The servant finds the towel and asks: “Whose towel is this?”
Ianua aperta est, et hospes intrat.
The door is open, and the guest enters.
Servus rogat dominum: “Cuius est hic liber?”
The servant asks the master: “Whose book is this?”
Imperator certe scit pacem meliorem esse quam bellum.
The emperor certainly knows that peace is better than war.
Nuntius auditus est, et turba tacet.
The messenger has been heard, and the crowd is silent.
Nimius clamor in foro est, igitur nos in villa tacemus.
There is too much noise in the forum, therefore we are silent in the villa.
Dominus servum iubet ianuam claudere, ut domus tuta sit.
The master orders the servant to close the door, so that the house may be safe.
Ianua villae aperta est, et nos intramus.
The door of the villa is open, and we enter.
In foro statua imperatoris alta est, et multi eam spectant.
In the forum there is a tall statue of the emperor, and many people look at it.
Noli foris exire, quia nox obscura est.
Do not go outside, because the night is dark.
In mercatu panem, caseum, et olivas emit, et sporta eius plena est.
In the market she buys bread, cheese, and olives, and her basket is full.
Caupo respondet se pretium minuere non posse, quia amphora vini iam vacua est.
The innkeeper answers that he cannot lower the price, because the jar of wine is already empty.
Puer quoque se audacem esse dicit, sed mater ridet.
The boy also says that he is bold, but mother laughs.
Mater dicit ventum mox desiturum esse, et nos in horto exspectamus.
Mother says the wind will soon stop, and we wait in the garden.
Avia respondet lanam utilem esse, quia ex lana tunicam texere potest.
Grandmother answers that wool is useful, because from wool she can weave a tunic.
Pater rogat utrum sal in domo iam sit an sal adhuc desit.
Father asks whether there is already salt in the house or whether salt is still lacking.
Ventus frigidus est, igitur puella domi manet.
The wind is cold, therefore the girl stays at home.
Puer dicit ventum desiturum esse, sed mater id non credit.
The boy says that the wind is going to stop, but mother does not believe it.
Quamquam dies frigidus est, nos in villa cenamus.
Although the day is cold, we dine in the villa.
Discipuli veritatem audire cupiunt, sed clamor in via magnus est.
The students want to hear the truth, but the noise in the street is loud.
In dono annulus pulcher est.
In the gift there is a beautiful ring.
Quaestio difficilis est, sed responsum pueri verum est.
The question is difficult, but the boy’s answer is true.
Quia memoria eius bona est, puella verba nova non facile obliviscitur.
Because her memory is good, the girl does not easily forget the new words.
Avus, qui in horto sedet, fabulam de familia sua narrat; memoria eius adhuc clara est.
Grandfather, who is sitting in the garden, tells a story about his family; his memory is still clear.
In bibliotheca muri veteres sunt, sed tectum tutum manet.
In the library the walls are old, but the roof remains safe.
Mihi hodie una pagina scribenda est, sed manus iam fessa est.
Today one page must be written by me, but my hand is already tired.
Tibi responsum ad hanc quaestionem ante cenam dandum est.
An answer to this question must be given by you before dinner.
Vobis per has scalas lente eundum est, quia gradus alti sunt.
You must go slowly on these stairs, because the steps are high.
Hiems longa est, et nix ante ianuam manet.
Winter is long, and snow remains before the door.
Avus dicit ver sibi semper gaudium dare, quia sol clarior est.
Grandfather says that spring always gives him joy, because the sun is brighter.
Mater dicit pluviam mox desituram esse, et pueri foris ludere poterunt.
Mother says that the rain will soon stop, and the boys will be able to play outside.
Mihi hodie epistula brevis scribenda est.
A short letter must be written by me today.
Post scholam liber magistro dandus est.
After school the book must be given to the teacher.
Mihi domum eundum est, quia nox obscura est.
I must go home, because the night is dark.
In campo multa herba est, et oves in herba stant.
In the field there is much grass, and the sheep stand in the grass.
Autumno multa folia in terra sunt.
In autumn many leaves are on the ground.
In aestate calor magnus est, et pueri frigus aquae amant.
In summer the heat is great, and the boys like the coolness of the water.
Autumnus pulcher est, quia folia multa in terra sunt.
Autumn is beautiful, because many leaves are on the ground.
Boni discipuli magistris parent, quia disciplina et mos in schola utiles sunt.
Good students obey their teachers, because discipline and custom are useful in school.
Si culpa parva est, magistra poenam gravem non dat.
If the fault is small, the teacher does not give a severe punishment.
Haec sententia brevis est, sed exemplum clarum dat.
This sentence is short, but it gives a clear example.
Cum calor magnus esset, nos sub umbra arborum sedebamus et aquam bibebamus.
When the heat was great, we were sitting under the shade of the trees and drinking water.
In valle parva herba alta est, sed in monte saepe paucae arbores sunt.
In the small valley the grass is tall, but on the mountain there are often few trees.
Terra post pluviam bona est, et herba in campo alta est.
The ground is good after the rain, and the grass in the field is tall.
Parentes dicunt bonos mores in domo et in schola servandos esse.
The parents say that good manners must be kept at home and at school.
Si discipula officium non facit, culpa eius clara est; si bene laborat, praemium accipit.
If a female student does not do her duty, her fault is clear; if she works well, she receives a reward.
Magistra dicit responsum eius verum esse.
The teacher says that his answer is true.
Parentes dicunt disciplinam in schola et in domo utilem esse.
The parents say that discipline is useful in school and at home.
Si culpa gravis est, poena quoque gravis est.
If the fault is serious, the punishment is also serious.
Pax in urbe servanda est.
Peace must be preserved in the city.
Tu tunicam calidam induere debes, quia ventus frigidus est.
You must put on a warm tunic, because the wind is cold.
Mater dicit vultum filiae laetum esse, sed nasum eius frigidum esse.
Mother says that her daughter’s face is happy, but that her nose is cold.
Coquus ovum cum farina miscet, ut panis mollis sit.
The cook mixes an egg with flour so that the bread may be soft.
Puer mel amat, quia sapor eius dulcis est.
The boy loves honey, because its taste is sweet.
Farina tam sicca est ut mater aquam addat.
The flour is so dry that mother adds water.
Sapor huius herbae tam amarus est ut puella eam edere non velit.
The taste of this herb is so bitter that the girl does not want to eat it.
Medicus dicit medicamentum amarum esse, sed utile esse.
The doctor says that the medicine is bitter, but useful.
Tunica sororis non alba est, sed rubra.
The sister’s tunic is not white, but red.
Post pluviam campus tam viridis est ut avus diu eum spectet.
After the rain the field is so green that grandfather looks at it for a long time.
Pluvia tam gravis est ut cives domum currant.
The rain is so heavy that the citizens run home.
Avus in speculo vultum suum spectat et dicit se hodie laetiorem esse.
Grandfather looks at his face in the mirror and says that he is happier today.
Si nasus tuus frigidus est et bracchia quoque frigida sunt, domi manere melius est.
If your nose is cold and your arms are cold too, it is better to stay at home.
Coquus aquam addit, ut panis mollis sit.
The cook adds water, so that the bread may be soft.
Puer cum amico suo laetior est quam solus.
The boy is happier with his friend than alone.
Ad sinistram taberna est, ad dextram autem bibliotheca.
On the left there is a shop, but on the right there is a library.
Avus dicit puerum cautum esse debere, cum per scalas descendat.
Grandfather says that the boy ought to be careful when he goes down the stairs.
Paries cubiculi albus est, sed paries atrii iam sordidus est.
The wall of the bedroom is white, but the wall of the atrium is now dirty.
Uxor promittit se cras ad mercatum venturam esse.
The wife promises that she will come to the market tomorrow.
Maritus promittit se cras panem et caseum empturum esse.
The husband promises that he will buy bread and cheese tomorrow.
Uxor dicit se per vicum sinistrum non ituram esse, sed per vicum dextrum.
The wife says that she will not go by the left street, but by the right street.
Cum ad villam pervenissent, puella et mater negaverunt iter difficile fuisse, quia vicus rectus erat.
When they had reached the house, the girl and her mother denied that the journey had been difficult, because the street was straight.
Mihi ad forum eundum est, quia sal deest.
I must go to the forum, because salt is lacking.
Mater puerum monet ut cautus sit, cum viam transeat.
Mother warns the boy to be careful when he crosses the road.
Puer dicit matrem mox domum venturam esse.
The boy says that mother will soon come home.
Mater dicit se panem et olivas empturam esse.
Mother says that she is going to buy bread and olives.
Paries atrii iam non sordidus est, sed mundus.
The wall of the atrium is now not dirty, but clean.
Mater dicit se ad forum ituram esse.
Mother says that she is going to go to the forum.
Si nihil in crumena est, a mercatore nihil emere possumus.
If there is nothing in the purse, we can buy nothing from the merchant.
Magister dicit titulum bonum esse, sed in secunda linea mendum parvum latere.
The teacher says that the title is good, but that a small mistake is hidden in the second line.
Magistra dicit discipulam diligentem esse, quia mendum cito corrigit.
The teacher says that the female student is diligent, because she corrects the mistake quickly.
Puer minus diligens est; ideo idem mendum iterum describit nec statim corrigit.
The boy is less diligent; therefore he copies the same mistake again and does not correct it at once.
Cum titulus nimis longus esset, magister eum breviorem facere iussit.
Since the title was too long, the teacher ordered it to be made shorter.
Discipula rogat quot lineae in hoc codice scribendae sint.
The female student asks how many lines must be written in this book.
Ex omnibus discipulis Lucia diligentissima est, sed Marcus celerrime scribit.
Of all the students, Lucia is the most diligent, but Marcus writes the most quickly.
Hic titulus omnium brevissimus est, ille autem clarissimus.
This title is the shortest of all, but that one is the clearest.
Magister dicit codicem veterrimum pulcherrimum quoque esse, quia cera et sigillum eius adhuc servantur.
The teacher says that the oldest book is also the most beautiful, because its wax and seal are still preserved.
Ex duabus crumenis haec plenissima est, sed illa minus argenti habet.
Of the two purses, this one is the fullest, but that one has less money.
Si non es certus, magistram ipsam interroga; ipsa enim optimum consilium saepe dat.
If you are not sure, ask the teacher herself; for she often gives the best advice.
Discipuli dicunt nihil facilius esse quam menda corrigere, si exemplum optimum ante oculos habent.
The students say that nothing is easier than correcting mistakes, if they have the best example before their eyes.
Ego autem puto difficillimum esse verbum novum sine mendo describere, cum manus et mens satis quietae non sunt.
I, however, think that it is most difficult to copy a new word without a mistake, when the hand and mind are not calm enough.
Pater dicit pacem servare melius esse quam bellum timere.
Father says that preserving peace is better than fearing war.
Ianitor portam urbis claudit, quia nox obscura est.
The doorkeeper closes the city gate, because the night is dark.
Cum nox obscura esset, pater lucernam accendit.
When the night was dark, father lit the lamp.
Puer dicit aquam nimis frigidam esse.
The boy says that the water is too cold.
Hic titulus brevior est quam ille.
This title is shorter than that one.
Marcus diligentissimus est, quia menda cito corrigit.
Marcus is the most diligent, because he corrects mistakes quickly.
Haec via ad forum brevissima est.
This road to the forum is the shortest.
Ex omnibus templis hoc templum pulcherrimum est.
Of all the temples, this temple is the most beautiful.
Hoc certe verum est.
This is certainly true.
Sporta servi plenissima est, quia panem, caseum, et olivas portat.
The servant’s basket is very full, because he is carrying bread, cheese, and olives.
Haec sententia omnium difficillima est.
This sentence is the most difficult of all.
Sol hodie clarior est quam heri.
The sun is brighter today than yesterday.
Quia puer cecidit, parvum vulnus in genu habet, et paene nullus sanguis est.
Because the boy fell, he has a small wound on his knee, and there is almost no blood.
Medica dicit vulnus non grave esse et sanguinem mox desiturum esse.
The doctor says that the wound is not serious and that the bleeding will soon stop.
Intra portam multae feminae exspectant, sed extra urbem ventus adhuc fortis est.
Inside the gate many women are waiting, but outside the city the wind is still strong.
Ianitor dicit nemini intra portam manere necesse esse, si domum redire vult.
The doorkeeper says that no one needs to stay inside the gate if he wants to return home.
Apud aviam nobis semper panis et mel dulce sunt.
At grandmother’s house we always have bread and sweet honey.
Huic puellae duo fratres sunt, sed illi puero nulla soror est.
This girl has two brothers, but that boy has no sister.
Non est tibi ullus timor, si mater tecum est.
You have no fear if mother is with you.
Si collum et dorsum sana sunt, puero iterum equitare licet.
If the neck and back are healthy, the boy is allowed to ride again.
Tibi sero ad lectum ire non licet, quia cras mane surgere necesse est.
You are not allowed to go to bed late, because tomorrow you must get up in the morning.
Nobis ante iter aquam et panem parare necesse est, quia meridie omnes cibum petunt.
We must prepare water and bread before the journey, because at midday everyone asks for food.
Intra domum silentium est, sed extra ianuam pueri rident.
Inside the house there is silence, but outside the door the boys are laughing.
Apud medicam multa medicamenta sunt, sed haec femina medicamentum nullum accipere vult.
At the doctor’s place there are many medicines, but this woman wants to take no medicine.
Pectus pueri calidum est, et sudor in pectore manet, quia per vicum et circum forum celerrime cucurrit.
The boy’s chest is warm, and sweat remains on his chest, because he ran very quickly through the street and around the forum.
Si ullus amicus apud nos manet, ei semper lectus paratus est, et intra domum tutus erit.
If any friend stays with us, a bed is always ready for him, and he will be safe inside the house.
In initio fabulae una pars facilis est, sed postea alia pars difficilior fit.
At the beginning of the story one part is easy, but later another part becomes more difficult.
Mater filiam flentem videt; lacrimae in vultu puellae sunt.
Mother sees her daughter weeping; tears are on the girl’s face.
Quamquam medicus dicit dolorem brevem esse, puer adhuc quiete sedere non potest.
Although the doctor says that the pain is brief, the boy still cannot sit quietly.
Avia puero flenti dicit cor eius bonum esse et lacrimas eius tergit.
Grandmother tells the crying boy that his heart is good and wipes his tears.
Mater dicit initium itineris facile esse, sed partem viae prope finem saepe gravem fieri.
Mother says that the beginning of the journey is easy, but that the part of the road near the end often becomes difficult.
Discipuli gaudent, cum finis horae venit et initium prandii iam prope est.
The students rejoice when the end of the hour comes and the beginning of lunch is already near.
Avus saepe dicit animos hominum non semper eosdem manere, sed vitam sine spe tristem esse.
Grandfather often says that people’s spirits do not always remain the same, but that life without hope is sad.
Miles currens dicit reginam cras ad urbem venturam esse.
A soldier, running, says that the queen will come to the city tomorrow.
Poeta dicit carmen novum de rege et regina mox scripturum esse.
The poet says that he will soon write a new poem about the king and queen.
In atrio imago regis prope ianuam est, et omnes venientes eam spectant.
In the atrium an image of the king is near the door, and all who come in look at it.
Magister dicit se exemplum bonum in tabula scripturum esse.
The teacher says that he will write a good example on the board.
Magister dicit ordinem in schola servandum esse.
The teacher says that order must be preserved in the school.
Haec sententia difficilior est quam illa.
This sentence is more difficult than that one.
Haec res facilis videtur, sed difficilior est quam illa.
This thing seems easy, but it is more difficult than that one.
Medica dicit dolorem in pectore non gravem esse.
The doctor says that the pain in the chest is not serious.
Avia dicit amicitiam bonam servandam esse.
Grandmother says that good friendship must be preserved.
Frater dicit se multos convivas invitaturum esse, si domus satis magna erit.
The brother says that he will invite many guests if the house is large enough.
Mercator respondet oleum quoque carum constare, quia annus difficilis fuit.
The merchant answers that oil too costs a lot, because the year was difficult.
Illud munus puellae gratum est, quia ipsa librum veterem semper legere amat.
That gift is pleasing to the girl, because she herself always loves to read an old book.
In foro multa pocula vilia sunt, sed haec pocula mater emere non vult.
In the forum many cups are cheap, but mother does not want to buy these cups.
In die festo pueri minus laborant, sed coquus tota die in culina occupatus est.
On a festival day the boys work less, but the cook is busy in the kitchen all day.
Hic mensis brevis est, sed alius mensis longior erit.
This month is short, but another month will be longer.
Cum convivium finitum erit, puellae mensam ornatam spectabunt et cantabunt.
When the feast has ended, the girls will look at the decorated table and sing.
Mater promittit se post paucos menses aliud convivium celebraturam esse, si pax manserit.
Mother promises that after a few months she will celebrate another feast, if peace has remained.
Cum omnia munera recepta erunt, mater omnes convivas ad mensam vocabit.
When all the gifts have been received, mother will call all the guests to the table.
Mater promittit se vicinas quoque invitaturam esse.
Mother promises that she will invite the female neighbors too.
Mater atrium ornat, ut convivae laeti sint.
Mother decorates the atrium so that the guests may be happy.
Epistula tua mihi grata est.
Your letter is pleasing to me.
Haec epistula longior est quam illa.
This letter is longer than that one.
In die festo atrium ornatum est.
On the festival day the atrium is decorated.
Haec epistula mihi gratior est quam illud munus.
This letter is more pleasing to me than that gift.
Pater dicit se diem festum cum familia celebraturum esse.
Father says that he is going to celebrate the festival day with the family.
Haec imago pulchrior est quam illa.
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
Munus receptum mihi gratum est.
The received gift is pleasing to me.
Dies festus omnibus gratus est.
The festival day is pleasing to everyone.
Imago reginae in atrio pulchrior est quam imago regis.
The image of the queen in the atrium is more beautiful than the image of the king.
Post paucos dies semina in sulco iam crescunt, sed radices adhuc parvae sunt.
After a few days the seeds are already growing in the furrow, but the roots are still small.
In vinea uvae adhuc virides sunt, sed mater dicit eas mox maturas futuras esse.
In the vineyard the grapes are still green, but mother says that they will soon be ripe.
Cum uvae maturae erunt, puellae ad colligendas uvas in vineam venient.
When the grapes are ripe, the girls will come into the vineyard to gather grapes.
Pater dicit fenestram fractam statim reficiendam esse, ne stillae pluviae intus cadant.
Father says that the broken window must be repaired at once, so that drops of rain may not fall inside.
Faber promittit se rimam cras clausurum esse, si satis clavorum habebit.
The craftsman promises that he will close the crack tomorrow, if he has enough nails.
Post meridiem puellae ad colligendas uvas iterum venire volunt, sed mater dicit uvas nondum maturas esse.
In the afternoon the girls want to come again to gather grapes, but mother says that the grapes are not yet ripe.
Mater dicit scopam novam emendam esse, quia vetus scopa nimis brevis est.
Mother says that a new broom must be bought, because the old broom is too short.
Serva respondet se pulvere et luto iam fessam esse, sed ad verrendum paratam manere.
The female servant answers that she is already tired from dust and mud, but remains ready for sweeping.
Cum tectum et fenestra refecta erunt, nullae stillae per rimam cadent.
When the roof and the window have been repaired, no drops will fall through the crack.
Vespere omnes laeti sunt, quia vinea, atrium, et tectum nunc meliora sunt.
In the evening everyone is happy, because the vineyard, the atrium, and the roof are now better.
Medicus dicit puerum mox sanum futurum esse.
The doctor says that the boy will soon be healthy.
Cras mane tibi surgere necesse est, quia ad scholam venire debes.
Tomorrow morning you must get up, because you must come to school.
Pater dicit tectum firmum esse.
Father says that the roof is strong.
Post pluviam mensa siccanda est, quia stillae aquae in mensa manent.
After the rain the table must be dried, because drops of water remain on the table.
Mater dicit panem emendum esse, quia nihil in domo est.
Mother says that bread must be bought, because there is nothing in the house.
Tectum refectum nunc firmum est.
The repaired roof is now strong.
Ianitor dicit se portam urbis mox clausurum esse, quia nox obscura est.
The doorkeeper says that he will soon close the city gate, because the night is dark.
Magistra rogat cur discipuli hodie sero veniant et utrum mora in vico fuerit.
The teacher asks why the students are coming late today and whether there was a delay in the street.
Magister ostendit quid error sit et quomodo discipuli eum corrigere debeant.
The teacher shows what the mistake is and how the students ought to correct it.
Aurora frigida est, sed puella e somno cito surgit.
Dawn is cold, but the girl rises quickly from sleep.
Alter puer dicit se e somno surgere nolle, quia somnus adhuc dulcis sit.
Another boy says that he does not want to rise from sleep, because sleep is still sweet.
Post scholam puellae ad fontem prope collem ambulant, quia ibi aqua purissima est.
After school the girls walk to the spring near the hill, because the water there is very pure.
Prope villam fumus lente surgit, sed flamma adhuc parva est.
Near the house smoke rises slowly, but the flame is still small.
Avus meminit se olim multa signa tempestatis in caelo observare solitum esse.
Grandfather remembers that he once used to observe many signs of weather in the sky.
Nunc puer quaerit quod signum tempestatis sit, et avus nubes nigras ostendit.
Now the boy asks what sign of storm it is, and grandfather points out the black clouds.
Ego nescio quis verum dicat, sed omnes sperant rem sine mora finem habituram esse.
I do not know who is telling the truth, but everyone hopes that the matter will come to an end without delay.
Avus dicit aquam apud fontem purissimam esse.
Grandfather says that the water at the spring is very pure.
Hoc est consilium quod magister mihi dat.
This is the advice that the teacher gives me.
Haec res mihi grata est.
This thing is pleasing to me.
Imperator sperat bellum mox finem habiturum esse.
The emperor hopes that the war will soon come to an end.
In mensa acetum et piper parata sunt.
Vinegar and pepper are ready on the table.
Avia dicit nuces bonas esse, sed infanti tantum pirum dari oportere.
Grandmother says that nuts are good, but that only a pear ought to be given to the baby.
Mater dicit holera cruda esse, sed gallinam iam in culina parari.
Mother says that the vegetables are raw, but that the hen is already being prepared in the kitchen.
Serva ridet, quia feles murem capere vult, sed mus celer est.
The maid laughs, because the cat wants to catch the mouse, but the mouse is quick.
Placenta in mensa est, sed mater dicit eam post cenam dandam esse.
There is a cake on the table, but mother says that it must be given after dinner.
Antequam ad mensam sedeamus, mater dicit manus lavandas esse.
Before we sit at the table, mother says that hands must be washed.
Antequam coquus holera coquat, serva ea lavat, quia cruda adhuc sunt.
Before the cook cooks the vegetables, the maid washes them, because they are still raw.
Nisi panis recens est, avia eum emere non vult.
Unless the bread is fresh, grandmother does not want to buy it.
Cum cena parata erit, omnes dicent holera, pira, et ficus in hoc macello recentissima esse.
When dinner has been prepared, everyone will say that the vegetables, pears, and figs in this market are the freshest.
Avia ridens dicit se ad idem pistrinum cras redituram esse, si pistor aliam placentam servaverit.
Grandmother, laughing, says that she will return to the same bakery tomorrow, if the baker has kept another cake.
Ante cenam manus lavandae sunt.
Before dinner, hands must be washed.
Servus paratus est.
The servant is ready.
Pistor dicit panem recentissimum hodie emendum esse.
The baker says that the freshest bread must be bought today.
Pater dicit se mox domum rediturum esse.
Father says that he will soon return home.
Hic codex omnium veterrimus est.
This book is the oldest of all.
Si qua pars obscura est, magistra eam clare explicat.
If any part is unclear, the teacher explains it clearly.
In volumine veteri oratio de pace tam clara est ut etiam pueri eam intellegant.
In an old scroll there is a speech about peace so clear that even the boys understand it.
Avus dicit doctrinam sine veritate minus utilem esse.
Grandfather says that teaching without truth is less useful.
Magister dicit requiem quoque utilem esse, nam nemo sine requie diu studere potest.
The teacher says that rest is useful too, for no one can study for a long time without rest.
Si nota mala in charta est, discipulus tristis non fit, sed melius laborare conatur.
If there is a bad mark on the paper, the student does not become sad, but tries to work better.
Pater rogat quid in illa oratione difficillimum sit, et filia respondet initium sibi clarissimum videri.
Father asks what is most difficult in that speech, and his daughter answers that the beginning seems very clear to her.
Frater studiosior est quam soror, sed soror diligentius versus repetit.
The brother is more studious than the sister, but the sister repeats the verses more carefully.
Otium sine libro mihi dulce non est, sed avia sub arbore quiete sedere amat.
Leisure without a book is not pleasant to me, but grandmother likes to sit quietly under the tree.
Post longam horam requies brevis discipulis valde bona est.
After a long hour, a short rest is very good for the students.
Calamus meus fractus est, itaque stilum fratris accipio.
My pen is broken, and so I take my brother’s stylus.
Magistra discipulae notam bonam dat, quia diligens est.
The teacher gives the student a good mark, because she is diligent.
Doctrina bona discipulis utilis est.
Good teaching is useful to the students.
Magistra dicit studium sine disciplina minus utile esse.
The teacher says that study without discipline is less useful.
Sol omnium clarissimus est.
The sun is the brightest of all.
Lucia studiosior est quam Marcus, sed Marcus celerius scribit.
Lucia is more studious than Marcus, but Marcus writes more quickly.
Vespere omnes domum revertuntur, quia ventus frigidus est.
In the evening everyone returns home, because the wind is cold.
Si merces bonae sunt, multi homines pretium libenter solvunt.
If the goods are good, many people gladly pay the price.
Hodie in foro magna copia panis est, sed vini inopia manet.
Today in the forum there is a great supply of bread, but a shortage of wine remains.
Postquam magistra in scholam ingressa est, discipuli tacere incipiunt.
After the teacher has entered the school, the students begin to be silent.
Nautae e portu cras proficiscentur, si tempestas bona erit.
The sailors will set out from the harbor tomorrow, if the weather is good.
Cur tam diu ante ianuam moramini, cum cena iam parata sit?
Why are you lingering so long before the door, when dinner is already ready?
Cum convivium finitum erit, convivae lente domum revertentur.
When the feast has finished, the guests will slowly return home.
Mercator fatetur dolium parvum fractum esse, sed dicit aliud dolium bonum manere.
The merchant admits that the small barrel is broken, but says that another barrel remains good.
Custos in libra pondus argenti iterum ponit, ut omnes videant pretium nimium non esse.
The guard places the weight of the silver on the scale again, so that everyone may see that the price is not too high.
Inopia aquae agricolas terret, sed post pluviam magna copia aquae erit.
The lack of water frightens the farmers, but after the rain there will be a great supply of water.
Mercator dicit mercem bonam esse.
The merchant says that the merchandise is good.
In stabulo una vacca et unus vitulus sunt.
In the stable there are one cow and one calf.
Anates in lacu natant, quia aqua ibi quieta est.
The ducks swim in the lake, because the water there is calm.
Stabulum, ex quo bos mane exit, prope viam est.
The stable, from which the ox goes out in the morning, is near the road.
Pratum, in quo vaccae pascuntur, prope lacum et paludem est.
The meadow, in which the cows graze, is near the lake and the marsh.
Pater dicit lac ex vacca, quam filia mulget, calidum esse.
Father says that the milk from the cow that his daughter milks is warm.
Soror dicit agnum statim balaturum esse, si grex discesserit.
The sister says that the lamb will bleat at once if the flock goes away.
Si stabulum bene clausum erit, nullus bos nocte exibit.
If the stable has been well closed, no ox will go out at night.
Puer rogat cur bos, quamquam pastor prope est, adhuc mugiat.
The boy asks why the ox, although the shepherd is nearby, is still lowing.
Cum sol occiderit, anates ad paludem redibunt, gallus tacebit, et omnes in stabulo quieti erunt.
When the sun has set, the ducks will return to the marsh, the rooster will be silent, and all will be quiet in the stable.
Ianua clausa est, et hospes ante eam exspectat.
The door is closed, and the guest waits in front of it.
Huic puellae duo asini sunt, et eos mane ad agrum ducit.
This girl has two donkeys, and she leads them to the field in the morning.
Mater dicit frumentum in horreo satis esse, sed panem hodie adhuc emendum esse.
Mother says that there is enough grain in the granary, but that bread still must be bought today.
Seges post pluviam altior videtur, et avia gaudet, quia terra tam bona est.
The crop seems taller after the rain, and grandmother rejoices, because the soil is so good.
Puella unum granum in manu tenet et rogat cur tam parvum sit.
The girl holds one grain in her hand and asks why it is so small.
Nobis satis feni non est, sed multam paleam in stabulo servamus.
We do not have enough hay, but we keep a lot of straw in the stable.
Seges in illo agro bona est, et tres pulli prope gallinam currunt.
The crop in that field is good, and three chicks run near the hen.
Agricolae vetus iugum est, sed novum lorum emere vult, quia aratrum grave est.
The farmer has an old yoke, but he wants to buy a new strap, because the plough is heavy.
Mater filiam monet ne post scholam agrum arare conetur, nam opus nimis grave est.
Mother warns her daughter not to try to plough the field after school, for the work is too hard.
Avia meminit magnam messem olim sub sole calidissimo factam esse.
Grandmother remembers that a great harvest was once made under the very hot sun.
Puer rogat utrum melius sit aquam an lac cum farina miscere, sed coquus respondet se iam satis scire.
The boy asks whether it is better to mix water or milk with the flour, but the cook answers that he already knows enough.
Plaustrum, cuius rota fracta erat, faber hodie reficit ut merces ad forum ferri possint.
The wagon, whose wheel had been broken, the craftsman repairs today so that goods can be carried to the forum.
Huic gallinae quattuor pulli sunt, et mater dicit eos semper famem habere.
This hen has four chicks, and mother says that they are always hungry.
Mihi hodie satis temporis non est, sed sorori meae est, et illa matri in agro auxilium dat.
I do not have enough time today, but my sister does, and she gives help to mother in the field.
Quamquam plaustrum tardius it quam equus currit, mater dicit id utilius esse ad frumentum portandum.
Although the wagon goes more slowly than a horse runs, mother says that it is more useful for carrying grain.
Haec arbor altior est quam illa.
This tree is taller than that one.
Hoc opus mihi grave est, sed id finire volo.
This task is hard for me, but I want to finish it.
Hoc consilium utilius est quam illud.
This advice is more useful than that.
Aqua calida ad cubiculum portanda est.
The warm water must be carried to the bedroom.
Meridie sol calidissimus est, et servi sub umbra sedent.
At midday the sun is very hot, and the servants sit in the shade.
Poculum ex argento factum est.
The cup is made of silver.
In sporta mercatoris quinque mala et octo nuces sunt.
In the merchant’s basket there are five apples and eight nuts.
Mater sex pira et novem ficos eligit, quia convivae mox venturi sunt.
Mother chooses six pears and nine figs, because guests are about to come soon.
Iudex dicit ius mulieris servandum esse, quia fur pecuniam eius cepit.
The judge says that the woman’s right must be preserved, because the thief took her money.
Iudex putat octo dies furi in carcere satis esse, si veritatem tandem dicat.
The judge thinks that eight days in prison are enough for the thief, if he finally tells the truth.
Decem testes idem dicunt: servum innocentem esse et nihil cepisse.
Ten witnesses say the same thing: that the servant is innocent and took nothing.
Lex clara est, et omnes sciunt iura civium servanda esse.
The law is clear, and everyone knows that the rights of the citizens must be preserved.
Mater rogat num servus innocens sit; iudex respondet eum mox liberandum esse, si verum dixerit.
Mother asks whether the servant is innocent; the judge answers that he must soon be freed, if he has told the truth.
Si fur innocens esset, iudex eum in carcerem non mitteret.
If the thief were innocent, the judge would not send him to prison.
Si lex nimis gravis esset, multi cives iura sua intellegere non possent.
If the law were too harsh, many citizens would not be able to understand their rights.
Pater dicit se quinque libros et sex epistulas cras ad forum portaturum esse, si via tuta erit.
Father says that he will bring five books and six letters to the forum tomorrow, if the road is safe.
Postquam negotium finitum erit, mater supra mensam novem pira et decem nuces ponet, ut omnes laeti cenent.
After the business has been finished, mother will put nine pears and ten nuts on the table, so that everyone may dine happily.
Hoc negotium magnum est, itaque mater ad forum festinat.
This matter is important, and so mother hurries to the forum.
Mater dicit se negotium breve in foro habituram esse, sed mox domum redituram esse.
Mother says that she will have a short errand in the forum, but that she will soon return home.
Iudex dicit servum innocentem statim liberandum esse.
The judge says that the innocent slave must be freed at once.
Iudex furi poenam gravem dat, quia lex clara est.
The judge gives the thief a harsh punishment, because the law is clear.
Servus panem recentem ad villam portaturus est.
The servant is about to bring fresh bread to the villa.
Hoc negotium grave est, sed iudex veritatem scit.
This matter is serious, but the judge knows the truth.
Pater dicit se post cenam longum sermonem cum familia habiturum esse.
Father says that he is about to have a long conversation with the family after dinner.
Hoc est praemium quod bona discipula accipit.
This is the reward that the good female student receives.
Fama de nova magistra in foro est.
There is a report in the forum about the new teacher.
Mater dicit magistram honestam et prudentem esse.
Mother says that the teacher is honest and prudent.
Puella fidelis est, et magistra fidem eius laudat.
The girl is loyal, and the teacher praises her loyalty.
Libertas grata est, sed salus quoque servanda est.
Freedom is pleasing, but safety also must be preserved.
Imperator dicit libertatem civium cum salute urbis servandam esse.
The emperor says that the freedom of the citizens must be preserved along with the safety of the city.
Si quis falsum iurat, iudex iratus est.
If anyone swears falsely, the judge is angry.
Mater irata est, sed patientiam servare conatur.
Mother is angry, but she tries to keep her patience.
Pater dicit bonam voluntatem meliorem esse quam vim.
Father says that good will is better than force.
Ratio magistri clara est, et discipuli consilium eius sequuntur.
The teacher’s reasoning is clear, and the students follow his advice.
Cum pater iratus est, avia tamen cum patientia respondet.
When father is angry, grandmother nevertheless answers with patience.
Nova magistra honesta esse dicitur.
The new teacher is said to be honest.
Lucia prudens esse putatur, quia semper ante alios parata venit.
Lucia is thought to be prudent, because she always comes prepared before the others.
Mercator iustus esse non dicitur, quia pretium nimium petit.
The merchant is not said to be just, because he asks too high a price.
Sed mater respondet rumorem saepe falsum esse et rationem quaeri oportere.
But mother answers that a rumor is often false and that the reason ought to be sought.
Si omnes honesti et fideles sunt, fama bona manet et salus omnium facilius servatur.
If everyone is honest and loyal, a good reputation remains and the safety of all is preserved more easily.
Si sapiens es, veritatem dicere debes.
If you are wise, you must tell the truth.
Ianua firma est, et ventus eam aperire non potest.
The door is firm, and the wind cannot open it.
Fama bona discipulae omnibus grata est.
The good reputation of the female student is pleasing to everyone.
Ego saepe cogito utrum amica mea cras ventura sit.
I often think about whether my friend is going to come tomorrow.
Tabellarius nuntiat reginam cras ad urbem venturam esse.
The letter-carrier announces that the queen will come to the city tomorrow.
Mater filio nuntiat cenam iam paratam esse.
Mother announces to her son that dinner is already prepared.
In foro femina pallium novum emit et dicit se eo in die festo cum toga alba usuram esse.
In the forum the woman buys a new cloak and says that she will use it on the festival day with a white toga.
Mater rogat utrum tonsor etiam barbam avi cras curaturus sit.
Mother asks whether the barber is also going to tend grandfather’s beard tomorrow.
Mane nebula tam magna erat ut mons prope villam non videretur.
In the morning the mist was so great that the mountain near the house could not be seen.
Tonitrus longus erat, sed fulgur procul supra montes breve visum est.
The thunder was long, but the lightning far above the mountains was seen only briefly.
Nemo est qui tonitrum et fulgur non timeat.
There is no one who does not fear thunder and lightning.
Serva panno mundo usura est, quia stillae aquae in mensa manent.
The maid is about to use a clean cloth, because drops of water remain on the table.
Tonsor barbam avi curaturus est.
The barber is about to tend grandfather’s beard.
Imago reginae ab omnibus visa est.
The image of the queen was seen by everyone.
Si femina innocens est, crimen falsum maxima iniuria est.
If the woman is innocent, a false accusation is a very great injustice.
Puella dicit se hoc beneficium memoria semper servaturam esse.
The girl says that she will always keep this kindness in her memory.
Iudex dicit poenam non inimicis tantum, sed etiam sociis nocere posse, si nimis gravis sit.
The judge says that punishment can harm not only enemies but also allies, if it is too severe.
Mater dicit laborem in agro nimis gravem esse.
Mother says that the work in the field is too hard.
Testis iurat crimen falsum esse.
The witness swears that the accusation is false.
Si tempestas in mari est, nautae periculum maximum timent.
If there is a storm at sea, the sailors fear very great danger.
Imperator libertatem civium servaturus est.
The emperor is about to preserve the freedom of the citizens.
Serva tunicam laceram sarcire conatur, sed filum nimis breve est.
The maid tries to mend the torn tunic, but the thread is too short.
Puella rogat utrum acus satis longa sit, ut tunicam laceram consuat.
The girl asks whether the needle is long enough to sew the torn tunic.
Argentarius mercatori pecuniam non facile commodabit, si debitum vetus nondum solutum est.
The banker will not easily lend money to the merchant if the old debt has not yet been paid.
Mater dicit pactum bonum inter vicinas servandum esse.
Mother says that a good agreement between neighbors must be kept.
Uxor et maritus pactum breve signant, ut argentarius sciat quando debitum solvendum sit.
The wife and husband sign a short agreement, so that the banker may know when the debt must be paid.
Fluctus tam alti sunt ut rete in aqua paene lateat.
The waves are so high that the net is almost hidden in the water.
Piscator dicit se hodie e portu non exiturum esse, quia fluctus nimis magni sunt.
The fisherman says that he will not leave the harbor today, because the waves are too great.
Frater duas conchas in sporta ponit, sed soror dicit unam pulchriorem esse.
The brother puts two shells in the basket, but the sister says that one is more beautiful.
Etiam dominam iustam esse decet.
A mistress too ought to be just.
Iudex non dubitat quin mercator amicum fallere conatus sit.
The judge does not doubt that the merchant tried to deceive his friend.
Argentarius gaudet, quia debitum tandem solutum est.
The banker rejoices, because the debt has finally been paid.
Debitum cras solvendum est.
The debt must be paid tomorrow.
Puella parum dormit, itaque hodie in schola fessa est.
The girl sleeps too little, and so she is tired at school today.
Magistra existimat unumquemque modum utilem esse, quoniam quisque discipulus alio modo discit.
The teacher thinks that each method is useful, since each student learns in a different way.
Illa autem fabula non eiusdem generis est; tota enim natura eius diversa est.
That story, however, is not of the same kind; for its whole nature is different.
Magistra dicit talem disciplinam utilem esse, quoniam sine ordine nemo bene discere potest.
The teacher says that such discipline is useful, since without order no one can learn well.
Dum magister tacet, discipuli paulatim intellegunt cur haec verba inter se similia sint.
While the teacher is silent, the students gradually understand why these words are similar to one another.
Avus dicit virtutem sine patientia et sine bona voluntate firmam esse non posse.
Grandfather says that courage cannot be firm without patience and good will.
Haec imago antiqua a multis pulcherrima appellatur, et forma coronae adhuc clara est.
This ancient image is called most beautiful by many, and the shape of the crown is still clear.
Non omnes eandem viam sequuntur: alii celeriter currunt, alii tardius ambulant; sed finis bonus est, si quisque bene laborat.
Not everyone follows the same path: some run quickly, others walk more slowly; but the end is good if each person works well.
Si audes, etiam cum multis loqui potes; nam vox tua clara est.
If you dare, you can speak even with many people; for your voice is clear.
Quamquam mores hominum saepe diversi sunt, eadem tamen spes multos ad pacem ducit, quoniam quisque pacem et salutem quaerit.
Although people’s habits are often different, the same hope nevertheless leads many toward peace, since each person seeks peace and safety.
Forma huius conchae pulchra est.
The shape of this shell is beautiful.
Pater dicit talem rumorem saepe falsum esse.
Father says that such a rumor is often false.
Pater dicit formam huius conchae pulchriorem esse quam illius.
Father says that the shape of this shell is more beautiful than that of that one.
Via, quae per silvam ducit, longa est, sed tuta.
The path that leads through the forest is long, but safe.
Mos puellae bonus est: cotidie prima hora surgit et ad scholam venit.
The girl's habit is good: every day she gets up at the first hour and comes to school.
Ego hanc linguam amo, quia antiqua est.
I love this language, because it is ancient.
Magistra dicit hanc sententiam alio modo explicandam esse.
The teacher says that this sentence must be explained in a different way.
Haec sententia iterum explicanda est.
This sentence must be explained again.
Quidquid in sporta est, serva in mensa ponit.
Whatever is in the basket, the maid puts on the table.
Mater novum opus in horto suscipit, quamquam tempus breve est.
Mother undertakes a new task in the garden, although the time is short.
Discipuli exercitium difficile suscipiunt, quia magistra dicit eos paratos esse.
The students undertake a difficult exercise, because the teacher says that they are ready.
Puer domi manere cogitur, quia ventus frigidus est et nox iam venit.
The boy is forced to stay at home, because the wind is cold and night is already coming.
Discipula sententiam iterum describere cogitur, quia duo menda in charta sunt.
The female student is forced to copy the sentence again, because there are two mistakes on the paper.
Non omnis femina dives bona est, sed multae pauperes animos fortes habent.
Not every rich woman is good, but many poor women have brave spirits.
Post longam horam breve spatium otii discipulis valde gratum est.
After a long hour, a short period of rest is very pleasing to the students.
In hac cista satis spatii non est, itaque libros in alia cista ponimus.
There is not enough space in this chest, and so we put the books in another chest.
Onus servae grave est, sed plaustrum id facilius portat.
The maid’s load is heavy, but the wagon carries it more easily.
Hoc onus levius est quam illud, et puella ipsa id tollere potest.
This load is lighter than that one, and the girl herself can lift it.
Ex parvis seminibus magni flores nascuntur, si terra et aqua bonae sunt.
From small seeds large flowers grow, if the soil and water are good.
Marcus hodie abest, quia aegrotus est.
Marcus is absent today, because he is sick.
In hac bibliotheca non satis spatii est, itaque quidam discipuli foris exspectant.
In this library there is not enough space, and so some students wait outside.
Mater lucernam accendit, ut lumen in atrio sit.
Mother lights the lamp, so that there may be light in the atrium.
Hoc scamnum sella vetere commodius est, itaque duae discipulae ibi libenter sedent.
This bench is more comfortable than the old chair, and so two female students gladly sit there.
Si creta parva est, magistra alteram cretam e cista tollit et discipulae dat.
If the chalk is small, the teacher takes another piece of chalk from the chest and gives it to the student.
Nuper nova discipula in scholam venit, et omnes iudicant eam prudentem esse.
Recently a new female student came to the school, and everyone judges that she is prudent.
Si quis mendacium in iudicio dicat, iudex eum damnare potest; si innocens sit, eum absolvere debet.
If anyone should tell a lie in court, the judge can condemn him; if he is innocent, she must acquit him.
Panis secandus est; deinde frusta inter puellas dividenda sunt.
The bread must be cut; then the pieces must be divided among the girls.
Si mappa humida est, serva aliam mappam e culina fert.
If the napkin is wet, the maid brings another napkin from the kitchen.
Lucia Marco diligentior est, sed alia discipula eo timidior.
Lucia is more diligent than Marcus, but another female student is more timid than he is.
Magistra existimat hanc sententiam illa difficiliorem esse, sed discipula dicit sensum paulatim clariorem fieri.
The teacher thinks this sentence is more difficult than that one, but the female student says that the meaning gradually becomes clearer.
Magistra nuper membranam longam emit, quia veteres membranae incommodae erant.
The teacher recently bought a long parchment, because the old parchments were inconvenient.
Postremo mater dicit cenam paratam esse, et denique omnes ad mensam conveniunt.
At last mother says that dinner is ready, and finally everyone gathers at the table.
Haec hora mihi incommoda est, sed sorori commodior, quia illa sero domum venit.
This hour is inconvenient for me, but more convenient for my sister, because she comes home late.
Denique iudicium finem habet, et iudex dicit legem omnibus servandam esse.
Finally the trial comes to an end, and the judge says that the law must be observed by everyone.
Mater dicit panem non statim secandum esse in partes nimis parvas, quia pater magnum frustum semper petit.
Mother says that the bread should not be cut at once into pieces that are too small, because father always asks for a large piece.
Haec sella commodior est quam illud scamnum, quia avia diu ibi sedere potest.
This chair is more comfortable than that bench, because grandmother can sit there for a long time.
Medicus dicit puerum omnino sanum esse.
The doctor says that the boy is completely healthy.
Haec sententia peior est quam illa.
This sentence is worse than that one.
Malum inter filium et filiam dividendum est.
The apple must be divided between the son and the daughter.
Lucia diligentior est quam Marcus, quia menda sua statim corrigit.
Lucia is more diligent than Marcus, because she corrects her mistakes at once.
Soror timidior est quam frater, sed veritatem tamen dicit.
The sister is more timid than her brother, but she nevertheless tells the truth.
Haec via nobis commodior est quam illa, quia brevior est.
This road is more convenient for us than that one, because it is shorter.
Silentium in bibliotheca servandum est.
Silence must be observed in the library.
Artifex dicit aurum purum esse et se id hodie vendere velle.
The craftsperson says that the gold is pure and that she wants to sell it today.
Mater putat hoc ornamentum pulchrum esse, sed pretium nimium esse.
Mother thinks that this piece of jewelry is beautiful, but that the price is too high.
Vicina margaritam albam laudat, quia forma eius simplex et pulchra est.
The neighbor praises a white pearl, because its shape is simple and beautiful.
Mater dicit ornamenta pretiosa saepe pulchra esse, sed non semper necessaria.
Mother says that precious pieces of jewelry are often beautiful, but not always necessary.
Magistra dicit armillam gemmis plenam pretiosiorem esse quam simplicem catenam.
The teacher says that a bracelet full of gems is more precious than a simple chain.
In iudicio iudex dicit iustitiam servandam esse, ne innocens poenam iniquam accipiat.
In the trial the judge says that justice must be preserved, so that an innocent person may not receive an unfair punishment.
Pater filiis dicit iudicem aequum esse oportere, sive reus dives sit sive pauper.
Father tells his children that a judge ought to be fair, whether the accused is rich or poor.
Reus videt iudicem severum esse et voce timida respondet.
The accused sees that the judge is stern and answers in a timid voice.
Clementia bona est, si aequa manet et iustitiae non nocet.
Clemency is good if it remains fair and does not harm justice.
Luna hodie clarior est quam heri.
The moon is brighter today than yesterday.
Puella dicit monile aureum pretiosum esse, sed se id emere non posse.
The girl says that the gold necklace is precious, but that she cannot buy it.
Aqua pura infanti necessaria est.
Pure water is necessary for the baby.
Margarita alba pretiosior est quam fibula argentea.
The white pearl is more precious than the silver brooch.
Mater dicit se filiis adesse, sive laeti sint sive tristes.
Mother says that she is there for her sons, whether they are happy or sad.
Iudex hodie severior est quam heri, quia reus mendacium dicit.
The judge is sterner today than yesterday, because the accused tells a lie.
Fibula aurea nitidior est quam fibula argentea.
The golden brooch is shinier than the silver brooch.
Hoc ornamentum pretiosius est quam illud.
This ornament is more precious than that one.
Iudex dicit poenam nimis duram esse.
The judge says that the punishment is too harsh.
Si innocentia reae clara erit, iudex eam statim absolvet.
If the innocence of the accused woman is clear, the judge will acquit her at once.
Prudentia sine sapientia non multum valet, sed utraque discipulae utilis est.
Prudence without wisdom is not worth much, but both are useful to the student.
Quo maior superbia est, eo difficilius veritas dicitur.
The greater the pride is, the more difficult it is to tell the truth.
Pietas filiae clara est, cum aviam aegrotam quiete curat.
The daughter’s devotion is clear when she quietly cares for her sick grandmother.
Pudor sine metu melior est, quia hominem monet ut recte faciat etiam sine poena.
A sense of shame without fear is better, because it warns a person to do what is right even without punishment.
Quamvis severitas iudicis multis dura videatur, honestas tamen eius omnibus clara est.
Although the judge’s strictness may seem harsh to many, her honesty is nevertheless clear to everyone.
Mater dicit pretium mercatoris iniustum esse.
Mother says that the merchant’s price is unfair.
Hoc periculum maius est quam illud.
This danger is greater than that one.
Hoc exercitium difficilius est quam illud.
This exercise is more difficult than that one.
Magistra hic est.
The teacher is here.
Mater stragulum novum in cubili sternit, quia hospes cras ventura est.
Mother spreads a new blanket on the bed, because the guest is going to come tomorrow.
Postea vestimenta puellae plicantur, et mater dicit ea in armario ponenda esse.
Afterward the girl’s clothes are folded, and mother says that they must be put in the cupboard.
Cum avia fessa esset, paulum in cubili quiescebat, dum filiae in atrio loquebantur.
Since grandmother was tired, she was resting for a little while in bed, while the daughters were talking in the atrium.
Ventus aulaeum movet, et puella rogat cur fenestra aperta sit.
The wind moves the curtain, and the girl asks why the window is open.
Cum pluvia sordes in pavimento reliquisset, serva iterum pavimentum purgare coacta est.
Since the rain had left dirt on the floor, the maid was forced to clean the floor again.
Quamquam armarium plenum est, domina aliud vestimentum emere vult.
Although the cupboard is full, the mistress wants to buy another garment.
Cum mater in culina occupata esset, filia ipsa cubiculum purgavit nec ullam moram fecit.
Since mother was busy in the kitchen, the daughter cleaned the bedroom herself and made no delay.
Magistra dicit ordinem in cubiculo servandum esse: vestimenta in armario ponenda sunt et sordes statim tollendae sunt.
The teacher says that order must be kept in the bedroom: the clothes must be put in the cupboard and the dirt must be removed at once.
Denique hospes dicit cubile bene paratum esse, stragulum calidum esse, et se apud hanc familiam semper libenter manere.
At last the guest says that the bed is well prepared, that the blanket is warm, and that she always gladly stays with this family.
Avia in cubili cubat, quia fessa est.
Grandmother is lying in bed, because she is tired.
Reus veritatem fateri coactus est.
The accused was forced to confess the truth.
Mater infantem iubet in cubili cubare, quia nox obscura est.
Mother orders the baby to lie down in the bed, because the night is dark.
Lutum e pavimento tollendum est.
The mud must be removed from the floor.
Puella vestimentum novum induit, quia tunica vetus iam sordida est.
The girl puts on a new garment, because the old tunic is now dirty.
Postridie matertera promittit se nepti parvum donum daturam esse, dummodo illa matri auxilium ferat.
The next day the maternal aunt promises that she will give her niece a small gift, provided that the girl brings help to her mother.
Avunculus dicit nepotem et neptem tam prudentes esse quam parentes eorum.
The maternal uncle says that his nephew and niece are as prudent as their parents.
Filia palla nova et zona longa uti vult, quia dies frigidus est.
The daughter wants to use a new cloak and a long belt, because the day is cold.
Mater respondet se palla veteri adhuc uti posse, sed soleas novas emendas esse.
Mother answers that she can still use the old cloak, but that new sandals must be bought.
Puella sutorem rogat utrum soleae hae satis firmae sint ad longum iter.
The girl asks the shoemaker whether these sandals are firm enough for a long journey.
Frater sartorem quaerit, quia zona sua fracta est et tunica nimis longa videtur.
The brother looks for the tailor, because his belt is broken and his tunic seems too long.
Mater dicit pallam non minus utilem esse quam ornamentum pretiosum.
Mother says that a cloak is no less useful than a precious ornament.
Neutra solea puellae bona est; itaque illa ad sutorem postridie redibit.
Neither sandal is good for the girl; therefore she will return to the shoemaker the next day.
Pictura quam filia emit non tam magna est quam illa imago reginae, sed mater eam magis amat.
The painting that the daughter buys is not as large as that image of the queen, but mother likes it more.
Color caeruleus mihi placet, sed sorori color flavus gratior est.
Blue pleases me, but yellow is more pleasing to my sister.
Avunculus medicam vocat, quia febris puellae alta est et tussis eam dormire impedit.
The uncle calls the doctor, because the girl’s fever is high and the cough prevents her from sleeping.
Medica dicit remedium amarum esse, sed puellam mox sanam futuram esse, dummodo aquam satis bibat.
The doctor says that the remedy is bitter, but that the girl will soon be healthy, provided that she drinks enough water.
Matertera gaudet, quod remedium utile fuit et puella tandem bene dormit.
The aunt rejoices because the remedy was useful and the girl is finally sleeping well.
Dummodo puella quieta maneat, medica dicit eam ad scholam paucis diebus redituram esse.
Provided that the girl remains quiet, the doctor says that she will return to school in a few days.
Neuter e duobus libris alibi inventus est; denique ambo sub sella iacebant.
Neither of the two books was found elsewhere; at last both were lying under the chair.
Pater filiae librum Latinum daturus est.
The father is about to give his daughter a Latin book.
Magistra discipulis dicit verba nova antea discenda esse, ut in schola facilius respondeant.
The teacher tells the students that new words must be learned beforehand, so that they may answer more easily in school.
Puer aegrotus est, itaque mater medicum vocat.
The boy is sick, therefore mother calls the doctor.
Haec fabula pueris gratior est quam illa.
This story is more pleasing to the boys than that one.
Scutum e ferro factum est.
The shield is made of iron.
Pecten avi tandem sub pulvino inventus est.
Grandfather’s comb was finally found under the pillow.
Verba nova paulatim discenda sunt.
New words must be learned gradually.
Baculum tamen leve est, et avus dicit se eo facile uti posse.
The stick is light, however, and grandfather says that he can use it easily.
Mater culcitam novam emit, quia vetus nimis dura erat.
Mother buys a new mattress, because the old one was too hard.
Si culcita satis mollis non est, quid faciamus?
If the mattress is not soft enough, what should we do?
Si vas fragile est, puerum illud tangere non sinimus.
If the vessel is fragile, we do not allow the boy to touch it.
Mater dicit ampullam fragiliorem esse quam aliud vas.
Mother says that the bottle is more fragile than the other vessel.
Figulus quoque parvum pretium poscit, quia vas integrum et pulchrum est.
The potter also asks a small price, because the vessel is whole and beautiful.
Frater sorori dicit: “Quid agamus? Tempus est breve et mater iam redire vult.”
The brother says to his sister: “What should we do? The time is short and mother already wants to return.”
Pluvia nos domi manere cogit, sed pater dicit otium quoque utile esse.
The rain forces us to stay at home, but father says that rest also is useful.
Discipula sententiam iterum describere cogitur, quia sententia nondum integra est.
The female student is forced to copy the sentence again, because the sentence is not yet complete.
Puella pallium leve gerit, quia ventus non iam frigidus est.
The girl wears a light cloak, because the wind is no longer cold.
Haec culcita mollior est quam illa, itaque infans bene dormit.
This mattress is softer than that one, and so the baby sleeps well.
Mater dicit culcitam veterem nimis duram esse.
Mother says that the old mattress is too hard.
Haec fenestra fragilior est quam illa.
This window is more fragile than that one.
Iudex dicit poenam nimiam esse.
The judge says that the punishment is excessive.
Magister dicit sententiam integram esse, quia nulla verba desunt.
The teacher says that the sentence is complete, because no words are missing.
Remi umidi in navi iacent, sed nauta dicit eos adhuc utiles esse.
The wet oars lie in the ship, but the sailor says that they are still useful.
Avus dicit talem usum etiam scriptori utilem esse, quia omnia quae videt postea describere potest.
Grandfather says that such practice is useful even to a writer, because he can later describe everything that he sees.
Sit haec lectio brevis, sed nullum vocabulum neglegatur.
Let this lesson be brief, but let no word be neglected.
Magistra dicit: “Discite non verba tantum, sed etiam usum verborum; sic enim bona lectio et bonus auctor vobis diu utiles erunt.”
The teacher says: “Learn not only words, but also the use of words; for thus a good lesson and a good author will be useful to you for a long time.”
Postquam index inventus est, puella librum iterum evolvit, quia prooemium antea non legerat.
After the index has been found, the girl unrolls the book again, because she had not read the preface earlier.
Puella librum non in mensa, sed in scrinio relinquit, quia bibliotheca quietior est cum omnia ordine servantur.
The girl leaves the book not on the table, but in the case, because the library is quieter when everything is kept in order.
Magistra discipulis explicat cur senatus et magistratus in urbe magni sint.
The teacher explains to the students why the senate and the magistrates are important in the city.
Legendo orationem consulis et interpretando verba eius, discipuli discunt quam difficilis ars bene dicendi sit.
By reading the consul’s speech and interpreting his words, the students learn how difficult the skill of speaking well is.
Magister dicit librum de magistratibus non celeriter legendum esse, quia multa in margine scribenda sint.
The teacher says that a book about magistrates should not be read quickly, because many things must be written in the margin.
Bibliotheca quieta ad meditandum melior est quam forum plenum, sed forum ad audiendos oratores melius est.
A quiet library is better for thinking than a full forum, but the forum is better for hearing orators.
Post contionem duo discipuli inter se disputant utrum decretum consulis an responsum praetoris prudentius fuerit.
After the assembly two students discuss among themselves whether the consul’s decree or the praetor’s answer was wiser.
Bibliotheca quietior est quam forum.
The library is quieter than the forum.
Quies in bibliotheca discipulis grata est.
Silence in the library is pleasing to the students.
Mihi hic liber hodie legendus est.
This book must be read by me today.
Orator in contione audiendus est.
The orator must be heard in the assembly.
Soror prudentior est quam frater, quia antequam respondeat semper rem totam audit.
The sister is wiser than her brother, because before she answers she always listens to the whole matter.
Sagitta e arcu volat, sed puella dicit se hastam graviorem esse putare quam telum leve.
An arrow flies from the bow, but the girl says that she thinks a spear is heavier than a light weapon.
Post longum bellum victoria civibus grata fuit, sed clades hostium etiam pueros terruit.
After a long war, victory was pleasing to the citizens, but the defeat of the enemies frightened even the boys.
Mater dicit victoriam sine superbia meliorem esse, quia post cladem saepe longa fuga sequitur.
Mother says that victory without pride is better, because after a defeat a long retreat often follows.
Si praesidium paratum est, nullum telum hostium facile portas franget.
If the garrison is prepared, no weapon of the enemies will easily break the gates.
Sed magistra monet cladem unius populi etiam iis qui vicerunt dolori esse posse.
But the teacher warns that the defeat of one people can be a sorrow even to those who have won.
Magistra addit prudentem ducem non solum procedere scire, sed etiam recedere, cum necesse sit.
The teacher adds that a wise general knows not only how to advance, but also how to retreat when it is necessary.
Haec hasta gravior est quam illa, sed miles eam bene tenet.
This spear is heavier than that one, but the soldier holds it well.
Si imperium iustum est, cives ei favent.
If the rule is just, the citizens support it.
Haec ianua firmior est quam illa.
This door is stronger than that one.
Quamvis dolor magnus sit, spes tamen manet.
Although the sorrow is great, hope nevertheless remains.
Mare tranquillum est, et nauta e portu exit.
The sea is calm, and the sailor leaves the harbor.
Puer fessus est, tamen libros legit.
The boy is tired, yet he reads books.
Nemo est qui omnia verba novi auctoris uno die perfecte transferre possit.
There is no one who can translate all the words of a new author perfectly in one day.
Sunt discipuli qui duas fabulas inter se conferant antequam responsum scribant.
There are students who compare two stories with one another before they write an answer.
Magistra respondet se idem consilium iam proposuisse, sed discipulos antea paratos non fuisse.
The teacher replies that she had already proposed the same plan, but that the students had not been ready before.
Non est discipulus qui hoc exercitium sine cura perficiat; omnibus enim tempus et patientia necessaria sunt.
There is no student who completes this exercise without care; for time and patience are necessary for everyone.
Magistra discipulis pauca exempla praebet, deinde rogat quid ipsi in foro visuri sint.
The teacher provides the students with a few examples, then asks what they themselves are going to see in the forum.
Discipula rogat cur lictores fasces gerant; magistra respondet eos imperii signum esse.
The female student asks why the lictors carry the fasces; the teacher answers that they are a sign of power.
Quamvis comitia longa sint, sunt qui usque ad vesperum manere velint, ut suffragium ferant.
Although the elections are long, there are those who want to remain until evening, so that they may cast a vote.
Post comitia magistra discipulis refert quid in curia de novo magistratu dictum sit.
After the elections the teacher reports to the students what was said in the senate-house about the new magistrate.
Sunt qui putent forum esse scholam viventem, in qua pueri et puellae non minus quam in libris discant.
There are those who think that the forum is a living school, in which boys and girls learn no less than in books.
Ego sentio pacem meliorem esse quam bellum.
I think that peace is better than war.
Candidata prudens esse dicitur, et multi cives ei favent.
The female candidate is said to be prudent, and many citizens support her.
Tribunus legatum audit et dicit rem publicam magno in periculo esse.
The tribune hears the envoy and says that the state is in great danger.
Opinio matris est bonos magistratus bonum commune, non commodum privatum, quaerere debere.
Mother’s opinion is that good magistrates ought to seek the common good, not private advantage.
Mater arbitratur vitam publicam difficiliorem esse quam vitam privatam.
Mother thinks that public life is more difficult than private life.
Post lectionem magistra puellas ad ripam ducit, ubi parva navicula prope pontem ligata est.
After the lesson the teacher leads the girls to the riverbank, where a small boat is tied near the bridge.
Puellae dicunt naviculam esse parvam, sed satis firmam ad flumen transeundum.
The girls say that the little boat is small, but firm enough for crossing the river.
Cum ventus subito crescat, gubernaculum firmum esse maxime necesse est.
When the wind suddenly grows stronger, it is especially necessary that the rudder be firm.
Quamvis res publica magna sit, singuli tamen cives bonum commune iuvare possunt.
Although the state is great, individual citizens can nevertheless help the common good.
Magistra dicit se arbitrari senatorem meliorem esse, si opinionem civium et mandata legis simul audiat.
The teacher says that she thinks a senator is better if he listens both to the opinion of the citizens and to the commands of the law.
Pater dicit bonum publicum melius esse quam commodum privatum.
Father says that the public good is better than private advantage.
Si ad forum pervenire vis, hic pons tibi transeundus est.
If you want to reach the forum, you must cross this bridge.
Post contionem cives inter se disputant utrum decretum bonum sit.
After the assembly the citizens debate among themselves whether the decree is good.
Scriba testamentum lente legit et quaerit quis heres futurus sit.
The scribe reads the will slowly and asks who will be the heir.
Frater et soror dicunt patrimonium aviae inter duos heredes aeque dividendum esse.
Brother and sister say that grandmother’s estate must be divided equally between the two heirs.
Iudex dicit hereditatem sine bono tutore saepe in periculo esse.
The judge says that an inheritance is often in danger without a good guardian.
Portitor ad ripam venit et dicit ratem paratam esse.
The ferryman comes to the bank and says that the raft is ready.
Hodie alveus fluminis altior est, itaque per vadum transire non licet.
Today the river channel is deeper, and so it is not permitted to cross through the ford.
Pater dicit sibi nihil referre utrum semita an limes longior sit, dummodo ratis tuta maneat.
Father says that it makes no difference to him whether the path or the boundary-road is longer, provided that the raft remains safe.
Cum remex ratem lente ageret, portitor puellae ostendit ubi alveus altior esset.
While the rower was guiding the raft slowly, the ferryman showed the girl where the channel was deeper.
Postquam ratis ad alteram ripam pervenit, mater dicit melius fuisse portitore prudente uti quam per vadum ire.
After the raft reached the other bank, mother says that it was better to use a prudent ferryman than to go through the ford.
In villa medica faciem puellae spectat et dicit frontem calidiorem esse quam heri.
In the house the doctor looks at the girl’s face and says that her forehead is warmer than yesterday.
Infans palmam matris tenet et ridet, quamquam genae adhuc rubrae sunt.
The baby holds his mother’s palm and laughs, although his cheeks are still red.
Una discipula in commentario scribit hereditatem non semper laetam esse, si heres officium tutelae neglegat.
One female student writes in her notebook that an inheritance is not always a happy thing if the heir neglects the duty of guardianship.
Alia respondet bonam tutelam pupillae saepe utiliorem esse quam magnum patrimonium.
Another replies that good guardianship for a girl is often more useful than a great estate.
Deinde magistra rogat quae via commodior sit, semita ad vadum an limes ad pontem.
Then the teacher asks which road is more convenient, the path to the ford or the boundary-road to the bridge.
Limes inter duos agros servandus est.
The boundary between the two fields must be preserved.
Aqua hodie calidior est quam heri.
The water is warmer today than yesterday.
Aqua in fonte frigidior est quam aqua in amphora.
The water in the spring is cooler than the water in the jar.
Haec via utilior est quam illa, quia ad forum ducit.
This road is more useful than that one, because it leads to the forum.
Princeps bona patriae magno auxilio est.
A good ruler is a great help to the fatherland.
Patria civibus carior est quam gloria privata.
The fatherland is dearer to the citizens than private glory.
Gloria sine dignitate brevis est.
Glory without dignity is brief.
Ambitio iuvenem saepe ad magnum laborem ducit, sed eidem etiam dolori esse potest.
Ambition often leads a young person to great effort, but it can also be a source of pain for that same person.
Constantia discipulis in difficili exercitatione auxilio est.
Steadfastness is a help to the students in a difficult exercise.
Industria quoque discipulae honori est, si verba nova cotidie discit.
Diligence is also an honor to the student, if she learns new words every day.
Parcimonia familiae usui est, luxuria autem saepe patrimonium laedit.
Thrift is useful to the family, but luxury often harms the estate.
Paupertas puellae miserae gravis est, sed liberalitas vicinae ei magno auxilio est.
Poverty is hard for the unhappy girl, but the neighbor’s generosity is a great help to her.
Liberalitas matris pauperibus non minus grata est quam panis recens.
The mother's generosity is no less pleasing to the poor than fresh bread.
Frater stultus sororem pauperiorem contemnit, sed mater ei irata est.
A foolish brother despises his poorer sister, but mother is angry with him.
Magistra dicit neminem contemnendum esse propter paupertatem.
The teacher says that no one ought to be despised because of poverty.
Amicitia mihi carior est quam pecunia.
Friendship is dearer to me than money.
Pater dicit gloriam sine labore brevem esse.
Father says that glory without effort is brief.
Idem est qui heri ad villam venit.
He is the same person who came to the house yesterday.
Haec exercitatio difficilis est, sed discipulis utilis est.
This exercise is difficult, but it is useful to the students.
Avus dicit famam de bello saepe falsam esse.
Grandfather says that the rumor about the war is often false.
Haec femina pauperior est quam illa, sed animus eius fortis est.
This woman is poorer than that one, but her spirit is brave.
Mendacium contemnendum est.
A lie is to be despised.
Mater dicit parcimoniam magno auxilio esse familiae.
Mother says that thrift is a great help to the family.
Avia dicit omen bonum saepe augurium pacis esse.
Grandmother says that a good omen is often a sign of peace.
Magistra dicit fas esse veritatem dicere, sed nefas esse mendacium amare.
The teacher says that it is right to tell the truth, but wrong to love a lie.
Dies sollemnis est, et longa pompa per forum procedit.
It is a solemn festival day, and a long procession advances through the forum.
Cum omen non clarum esset, augur tamen dixit navem e portu exire posse.
Although the omen was not clear, the augur nevertheless said that the ship could leave the harbor.
Pater putat augurium bonum esse, si augur laetis verbis auspicium interpretatur.
Father thinks that the omen is good if the augur interprets the auspice with happy words.
Regina ad fanum ambulat, quia numen deae patriae auxilio esse credit.
The queen walks to the shrine, because she believes the divine power of the goddess is a help to the fatherland.
Magistra dicit impium esse parentes contemnere, sicut nefas sit falsum iurare.
The teacher says that it is impious to despise one’s parents, just as it is wrong to swear falsely.
Quamvis puer timidus sit, tamen matri supplicat et dicit fas esse culpam aperte fateri.
Although the boy is timid, nevertheless he begs his mother and says that it is right to confess a fault openly.
Mater dicit religionem sine misericordia duram esse, sicut sacrificium sine mente pia durum videatur.
Mother says that religion without mercy is harsh, just as sacrifice without a pious spirit seems harsh.
Iudex dicit nefas esse innocentem damnare, fas autem esse etiam impio veniam dare, si veritatem tandem dicat.
The judge says that it is wrong to condemn an innocent person, but right to give pardon even to an impious person if he finally tells the truth.
Nihil nos impediet quominus postero die ad fanum redeamus, si via tuta erit.
Nothing will prevent us from returning to the shrine on the next day, if the road is safe.
Pater dicit fas non esse amicum fallere.
Father says that it is not right to deceive a friend.
Pater dicit nefas esse amicum fallere.
Father says that it is wrong to deceive a friend.
Si augurium malum est, nautae in portu manent.
If the omen is bad, the sailors stay in the harbor.
Quamvis dolor magnus sit, mens tamen fortis manet.
Although the pain is great, the spirit nevertheless remains strong.
Cum omen bonum esset, nautae e portu exire volebant.
When the omen was favorable, the sailors wanted to leave the harbor.
Rea dicit se innocentem esse, sed iudex adhuc quaerit quis pecuniam ceperit.
The female defendant says that she is innocent, but the judge is still asking who took the money.
Fabula lectoris tam iucunda est ut omnes auditores taceant.
The reader’s story is so pleasant that all the listeners are silent.
Haec scriptura lente legenda est, quia pulchra est sed non semper facilis.
This writing must be read slowly, because it is beautiful but not always easy.
Magistra dicit convicium esse molestum et strepitum sine causa facere.
The teacher says that an insult is annoying and creates noise without reason.
Magistra docet gravitatem meliorem esse quam levitatem, si de rebus publicis disputamus.
The teacher teaches that seriousness is better than frivolity, if we are discussing public matters.
Humanitas et comitas hospitem laetum faciunt, etiam si domus parva est.
Kindness and courtesy make a guest happy, even if the house is small.
Cum fabula finita esset, plausus magnus ex auditoribus ortus est.
When the story had been finished, great applause arose from the listeners.
Mater addit sermonem urbanum non semper meliorem esse quam sermonem rusticum.
Mother adds that urban speech is not always better than rustic speech.
Si quis callidus est, potestne etiam modestiam servare? Magistra respondet posse, si gloriam non quaerat.
If someone is clever, can that person also keep modesty? The teacher answers that it is possible, if he does not seek glory.
Ne lector quidem omnia uno die meminisse potest; ideo cotidie legere utile est.
Not even a reader can remember everything in one day; therefore it is useful to read every day.
Auditores, qui primo tacebant, postea rogaverunt utrum altera lectio postero die futura esset.
The listeners, who were silent at first, afterward asked whether another reading would take place on the next day.
Mihi haec lectio iucundior est quam illa, quia plures feminae in hac fabula prudentes et fortes apparent.
This reading is more pleasant to me than that one, because more women appear wise and brave in this story.
Magistra dicit scripturam novi auctoris claram esse.
The teacher says that the new author's writing is clear.
Hoc monile ex vero auro factum est.
This necklace is made of genuine gold.
Hodie ubique strepitus est, sed in bibliotheca quies manet.
Today there is noise everywhere, but in the library quiet remains.
Scriptura avunculi difficilis est, sed avia eam facile legit.
Uncle’s handwriting is difficult, but grandmother reads it easily.
Coquus modum aquae addit, ne panis nimis siccus sit.
The cook adds a measure of water, so that the bread may not be too dry.
Sermo oratoris civibus gratus est.
The orator’s speech is pleasing to the citizens.
Quies in bibliotheca mihi iucundior est quam strepitus in foro.
The quiet in the library is more pleasant to me than the noise in the forum.
Frater autem frigidarium timet, quia aqua in piscina ibi frigidissima est.
The brother, however, fears the cold room, because the water in the pool there is very cold.
In horto fabae et brassica bene crescunt, sed rapa hoc anno parva sunt.
In the garden beans and cabbage grow well, but the turnips are small this year.
Mater fabas et lenticulas lente coquit, ut cena simplex sed bona sit.
Mother cooks beans and lentils slowly, so that dinner may be simple but good.
Unus modius tritici satis est ad panem, sed pater dicit plus hordei servandum esse.
One measure of wheat is enough for bread, but father says that more barley must be kept.
Mater paulum garum cum porro et rapis miscet, sed avia dicit brassicam sine garo meliorem esse.
Mother mixes a little garum with leek and turnips, but grandmother says that cabbage is better without garum.
Avia dicit se, cum iuvenis esset, ad forum saepe fabas et hordeum emptum ivisse.
Grandmother says that when she was young, she often went to the forum to buy beans and barley.
Si tepidarium plenum est, balneatrix monet ut in apodyterio paulum exspectemus.
If the warm room is full, the bath-attendant warns us to wait a little in the changing room.
Matertera dicit fabas cum porro meliores esse quam lenticulas sine sale.
My aunt says that beans with leek are better than lentils without salt.
Sic et balneum et cena parva, si recte parantur, corpori mentique auxilio esse possunt.
Thus both a bath and a small dinner, if they are prepared properly, can be a help to body and mind.
Aqua in frigidario frigidissima est.
The water in the cold room is very cold.
Rapa ante cenam lavanda sunt.
The turnips must be washed before dinner.
Mater dicit manus ante cenam sapone recte lavandas esse.
Mother says that hands must be washed properly with soap before dinner.
Hodie amica mea hilaris ad scholam venit et omnibus dicit sororem suam felicem esse.
Today my friend comes to school cheerful and tells everyone that her sister is happy.
Nunc autem tabellarius renuntiat fratrem domum rediisse et matrem iam securam esse.
Now, however, the letter-carrier reports that the brother has returned home and that mother is now free from worry.
Fit ut etiam fortes viatores interdum anxii sint, cum via longa et obscura sit.
It happens that even brave travelers are sometimes anxious, when the road is long and dark.
Illa nox, quae initio plena pavoris fuit, postea serena et quieta facta est.
That night, which at first was full of fear, afterward became calm and quiet.
Mane hospes benignam dominam iterum salutavit et viro, qui non iam asper erat, gratias egit.
In the morning the guest greeted the kind mistress again and gave thanks to the man, who was no longer harsh.
Mater respondet solacium bonorum verborum infelicibus valde necessarium esse.
Mother answers that the comfort of good words is very necessary for unhappy people.
Avia eam consolatur et dicit patrem intra paucos dies venturum esse.
Grandmother comforts her and says that her father will come within a few days.
Illa etiam monet non omnia verba aspera vera esse, nec omnem vocem blandam veram videri.
She also warns that not all harsh words are true, and that not every gentle voice seems true.
Mater felix est, quia pater domi adest.
Mother is happy, because father is at home.
Tabellarius matri renuntiat patrem mox domum rediturum esse.
The letter-carrier reports to mother that father will soon return home.
Mater iam secura est, quia filius domi adest.
Mother is now free from worry, because her son is at home.
Vita aspera est, sed amicitia solacium dat.
Life is hard, but friendship gives comfort.
Magistra dicit prudentiam nec in vita publica tantum, sed etiam in vita privata utilem esse.
The teacher says that prudence is useful not only in public life, but also in private life.
Rea felix est, quia iudex eam absolvit.
The defendant is fortunate, because the judge acquits her.
Haec exercitatio aspera est, sed magistra dicit nos eam perficere posse.
This exercise is difficult, but the teacher says that we can complete it.
Mense Ianuario nix saepe cadit, et mater pueris dicit Ianuarium frigidissimum mensem anni esse.
In January snow often falls, and mother tells the children that January is the coldest month of the year.
Februarius brevior est quam Ianuarius, sed mense Februario saepe ventus fortis manet.
February is shorter than January, but in February a strong wind often remains.
Mense Maio hortus plenus florum fit, et Maius aviae semper gratissimus est.
In May the garden becomes full of flowers, and May is always most pleasing to grandmother.
Iulius calidior est quam Iunius, et mensibus Iulio atque Augusto multi ad mare proficiscuntur.
July is hotter than June, and in July and August many set out for the sea.
Augustus quoque calidus est, sed avus mense Augusto in umbra sedere mavult.
August is also hot, but in August grandfather prefers to sit in the shade.
October ventosior est, et mense Octobri folia multa de arboribus cadunt.
October is windier, and in October many leaves fall from the trees.
Duodecim paginae huic capitulo sunt, et magistra duodecim versus tantum hodie legendos dat.
This chapter has twelve pages, and the teacher gives only twelve verses to be read today.
Sedecim verba nova in hoc libello sunt, et magistra vult ut discipuli sedecim ex eis memoria teneant.
There are sixteen new words in this little book, and the teacher wants the students to keep sixteen of them in memory.
Duodeviginti tabellae in capsa sunt, et puella dicit se duodeviginti litteras heri scripsisse.
There are eighteen tablets in the box, and the girl says that she wrote eighteen letters yesterday.
Lucia novo calendario utitur, ut sciat quo mense dies festi futuri sint.
Lucia uses a new calendar so that she may know in which month the festival days will be.
Ego quoque calendario utor, quia sine eo facile obliviscor utrum November an December sit.
I also use a calendar, because without it I easily forget whether it is November or December.
Mater dicit nos aestate frui debere, praesertim cum Iulius aut Augustus calidissimus sit.
Mother says that we ought to enjoy the summer, especially when July or August is very hot.
Magistra dicit hoc capitulum lente legendum esse, quia verba novi libelli memoria tenendi causa in margine scribuntur.
The teacher says that this chapter must be read slowly, because the words of the new little book are written in the margin for the sake of keeping them in memory.
Quidam pueri ad forum emendi causa eunt, alii autem audiendi causa, quia orator hodie de bono communi dicturus est.
Some boys go to the forum for the sake of buying, but others for the sake of listening, because the speaker is going to talk today about the common good.
Mense Ianuario aqua in fonte frigidissima est.
In January the water in the spring is the coldest.
Mense Februario pueri domi manere malunt, quia ventus frigidus est.
In February the boys prefer to stay at home, because the wind is cold.
Aprilis mihi gratior est quam Februarius, quia primi flores in horto apparent.
April is more pleasing to me than February, because the first flowers appear in the garden.
Haec epistula mihi omnium gratissima est.
This letter is the most pleasing of all to me.
Meridie sol calidior est quam mane.
At midday the sun is hotter than in the morning.
Tempestas hodie ventosior est quam heri, itaque nautae in portu manent.
The weather is windier today than yesterday, and so the sailors stay in the harbor.
Hodie nobis cena paranda est.
Today we must prepare dinner.
Mater dicit sedecim nummos ad panem emendum satis esse.
Mother says that sixteen coins are enough to buy bread.
Pater dicit se post undeviginti dies domum rediturum esse.
Father says that he will return home after nineteen days.
November frigidior est quam October, et pueri domi libentius manent.
November is colder than October, and the boys stay at home more willingly.
Mihi ver gratissimum est, praesertim cum flores in horto apparent.
Spring is most pleasing to me, especially when flowers appear in the garden.
Orator in contione de pace dicturus est.
The orator is about to speak in the assembly about peace.
Princeps dicit bonos mores civitati magno auxilio esse.
The ruler says that good morals are a great help to the state.
Aqua in piscina frigidior est quam aqua in caldario.
The water in the pool is colder than the water in the hot room.
Mense Decembri mater dicit se cum liberis et coniuge ad propinquos ituram esse.
In December mother says that she is going to go with her children and spouse to relatives.
Plerique liberi laeti sunt, quia iter facere amant.
Most of the children are happy, because they love to travel.
Mater dicit sarcinas nimis graves esse et parvum viaticum satis esse.
Mother says that the bags are too heavy and that a small amount of provisions is enough.
Duo iumenta ante raedam stant: una mula lenta est, alterum iumentum strenuum est.
Two draft animals stand before the carriage: one mule is slow, the other animal is energetic.
Pater caligas novas filio dat et dicit gelu in via magnum esse.
Father gives new boots to his son and says that there is great frost on the road.
Cum imber cadat, tamen pater ait raedam paratam esse.
Although rain is falling, father nevertheless says that the carriage is ready.
Cum via glacie tecta sit, tamen mula et alterum iumentum raedam lente trahunt.
Although the road is covered with ice, the mule and the other draft animal nevertheless pull the carriage slowly.
Pater coniugi suae dicit viaticum inter liberos aeque dividendum esse.
Father tells his spouse that the provisions must be divided equally among the children.
Cum liberi lassi sint, tamen hilaritas matris eos laetiores facit.
Although the children are tired, mother’s cheerfulness nevertheless makes them happier.
“Hoc viaticum satis erit,” inquit puella, “si ante noctem ad hospitium pervenimus.”
“This provision will be enough,” says the girl, “if we reach the lodging before night.”
Pater, quamquam fessus est, non ignavus sed strenuus manet et mulam in stabulo curat.
Father, although he is tired, remains not lazy but energetic, and takes care of the mule in the stable.
Mater ridet et dicit nullum e liberis ignavum esse, quamquam unusquisque quietem cupiat.
Mother laughs and says that none of the children is lazy, although each one may desire rest.
Post cenam omnes de via disputant; ego autem opinor gelu cras minus futurum esse.
After dinner everyone discusses the road; I, however, think that there will be less frost tomorrow.
Cum gelu durum sit et pruina in via maneat, tamen parca mater tantum parvum ignem accendit.
Although the frost is hard and frost remains on the road, the thrifty mother nevertheless lights only a small fire.
Parca enim est, sed viaticum quod reliquum est hospitibus libenter dat.
For she is thrifty, but she gladly gives the remaining provisions to the guests.
“Tam frigidus imber non saepe cadit,” inquit avia, “sed cum hiems aspera sit, tamen hilaritas bona nos iuvat.”
“So cold a rain does not fall often,” says grandmother, “but although winter is harsh, good cheer nevertheless helps us.”
Mane pratum pruina tectum est.
In the morning the meadow is covered with frost.
Fenestra aperta est, et ventus frigidus in cubiculum intrat.
The window is open, and the cold wind enters the bedroom.
Post longum iter quies omnibus grata est.
After a long journey, rest is pleasing to everyone.
Propinquus meus nobis hospitium parat, quia nox frigidissima est.
My male relative prepares lodging for us, because the night is very cold.
Pueri intra domum manere debent, quia nox obscura est.
The boys have to stay inside the house, because the night is dark.
Mater viaticum parvum secum fert, quia via longa est.
Mother carries a little provision for the journey with her, because the road is long.
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