Puer extra domum exire vult, sed mater eum monet ne sine ea exeat.

Because extra takes the accusative case.

So:

• extra = outside, beyond
• domum = accusative singular of domus (house, home)

That means extra domum literally means outside the house.

A learner may notice that domum often means homeward / to home by itself, but here that is not what is happening. In this sentence, domum is accusative because it is the object of the preposition extra.

Because vult means wants, and in Latin verbs like volo are commonly followed by an infinitive.

So:

• vult = he wants
• exire = to go out

Together, exire vult means he wants to go out.

This is very similar to English wants to go out.

Exire is the present active infinitive of exeo, meaning to go out, to leave, or to exit.

It is built from:

• ex- = out
• eo / ire = go / to go

So exire literally means to go out.

You may also notice that later the sentence has exeat, which comes from the same verb. So:

• exire = to go out
• exeat = that he go out / that he should go out

Because eum is the direct object of monet.

So in:

• mater eum monet

the meaning is the mother warns him.

Here:

• mater = the mother, nominative, subject
• eum = him, accusative, direct object
• monet = warns / advises

A native English speaker may expect Latin word order to match English, but Latin allows more flexibility. Even though eum comes before monet, it is still the object because its case ending shows its function.

In this sentence, moneo means warn or advise and takes this pattern:

person + ne-clause

So:

• mater eum monet ne... = his mother warns him not to...

This is a very common construction in Latin. The person warned is in the accusative (eum), and the action warned against is expressed with ne plus a subjunctive verb.

Because after verbs like moneo when Latin expresses a negative command, warning, or advice, it often uses ne + subjunctive.

So:

• monet ne exeat = warns him not to go out

This is different from simple negation with non.

Very roughly:

• non usually just negates a statement
• ne is often used in clauses expressing negative purpose, negative command, or negative warning

So here ne is the correct word because the mother is warning him not to do something.

Because it is in a clause dependent on monet with ne.

The structure is:

• mater eum monet
• ne ... exeat

Latin regularly uses the subjunctive after verbs of warning, advising, urging, commanding, and similar ideas when the clause expresses what someone is told or warned to do or not do.

So exeat is subjunctive because the clause is not a plain statement like he goes out. It expresses the content of the warning: that he not go out.

Because the two verbs are doing different jobs.

In the first part:

• exire vult = he wants to go out
• exire is an infinitive after vult

In the second part:

• mater eum monet ne ... exeat = his mother warns him not to go out
• exeat is a subjunctive verb in a subordinate clause after monet ne

So:

• after vult, Latin uses an infinitive
• after monet ne, Latin uses a subjunctive clause

That is why the forms are different even though both come from exeo.

Exeat is present subjunctive, third person singular.

It is present because the warning is about an action that is current or future from the point of view of the main verb:

• the boy wants to go out now / soon
• the mother warns him not to go out now / soon

Latin often uses the present subjunctive in this kind of clause after a main verb in the present tense like monet.

Sine takes the ablative case, so ea is ablative singular feminine.

Here:

• sine = without
• ea = her

And ea refers back to mater.

So:

• sine ea = without her

A learner might wonder why Latin does not repeat matre. It could, but using the pronoun is natural here because the mother has just been mentioned.

Because it refers to mater, which is feminine.

Latin pronouns must agree with the noun they refer to in gender and number. So since mater is feminine singular, the pronoun is feminine singular too:

• ea = her

Its case is ablative because of sine, but its gender is feminine because it refers to mater.

It can feel a little repetitive in English, but in Latin it is perfectly understandable.

• exire already means go out
• extra domum adds the idea of outside the house

So the phrase emphasizes where he wants to go: out, outside the house.

Languages often do this kind of thing for clarity or emphasis. English also does something similar in phrases like go out outside or go out of the house, depending on context.

Because Latin word order is more flexible than English word order. Latin relies heavily on case endings and verb forms, not just position.

Some useful points here:

• Puer comes first to introduce the subject clearly.
• extra domum is placed before exire to highlight where he wants to go.
• sed marks the contrast: the boy wants one thing, but the mother responds differently.
• eum comes before monet, but its accusative form already shows it is the object.
• ne sine ea exeat is grouped at the end as the content of the warning.

So the order is natural Latin, even if it is not the most literal English order.

Not in this sentence, because the meaning would change completely.

• sine ea = without her
• cum ea = with her

The mother is warning him not to go out without her, so sine ea is exactly what is needed.

Also note the cases:

• sine
  • ablative
• cum
  • ablative

So both would take ea, but the preposition changes the meaning.

Because puer is the subject of vult.

The sentence begins with:

• Puer ... vult = The boy wants ...

In Latin, the subject of a finite verb is normally in the nominative case. That is why it is puer, not puerum.

Later, the boy appears as eum because he becomes the object of monet.

So the same person is expressed in two different ways because his grammatical role changes:

• puer = subject
• eum = object