Nos cum magistra in oppidum ambulamus et forum intramus.

Yes. In Latin, the verb ending -mus already tells you the subject is we, so ambulamus by itself can mean we walk or we are walking.

So nos is not required. It is added for emphasis, clarity, or contrast. A speaker might include nos to stress we in particular.

So:

• ambulamus = we walk / we are walking
• nos ambulamus = we walk, with extra emphasis on we

Because the preposition cum takes the ablative case.

The noun magistra belongs to the first declension:

• nominative singular: magistra
• accusative singular: magistram
• ablative singular: magistrā

So after cum, Latin uses the ablative:

• cum magistra = with the teacher

If it were magistram, that would be the accusative, which would not be correct after cum.

It is ablative singular.

That may look confusing, because in the first declension the nominative singular and ablative singular can look the same if macrons are not written:

• nominative: magistra
• ablative: magistrā

In many beginner texts, macrons may be omitted, so you identify the case from the grammar of the sentence. Since cum requires the ablative, magistra here must be ablative.

Because Latin uses in + accusative to show movement into a place, and in + ablative to show location in a place.

So:

• in oppidum = into the town / to the town
• in oppido = in the town

Since the sentence describes motion, Latin uses the accusative:

• oppidum = accusative singular

It is accusative singular.

That is because in is being used with the meaning of movement toward or into something, and in that meaning it takes the accusative.

So in this sentence:

• in oppidum = prepositional phrase with accusative
• oppidum is not the direct object of ambulamus; it belongs with in

Not necessarily. The verb intrare often takes a direct object in Latin.

So Latin can say:

• forum intramus = we enter the forum

Instead of using a separate preposition, the verb itself carries the idea of entering.

This is very common in Latin and not strange at all.

It is accusative singular.

Here it is the direct object of intramus. The action of entering is being done to the forum, so the forum is in the accusative case.

Also, forum is a neuter second-declension noun, and for many neuter nouns the nominative and accusative singular have the same form. So forum could be nominative or accusative in form, but here the syntax shows it is accusative.

They both end in -um because both are neuter singular accusatives, but they are not doing exactly the same job.

• oppidum is the object of the preposition in
• forum is the direct object of intramus

So they are both accusative, but for different grammatical reasons.

Both are present active indicative, first person plural.

Breaking one down:

• ambula- = verb stem
• -mus = we

So:

• ambulamus = we walk / we are walking
• intramus = we enter / we are entering

In Latin, the present tense can often be translated either as simple present or present progressive, depending on context.

Yes.

The sentence has two verbs joined by et:

• ambulamus
• intramus

The same subject, nos, goes with both of them. So the structure is basically:

• We walk into the town and enter the forum

Latin often uses one subject with multiple coordinated verbs like this.

Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order because Latin uses case endings to show how words function in the sentence.

English depends heavily on position:

• The teacher sees the girl
• The girl sees the teacher

Latin can move words around more freely because endings help show the relationships.

So in this sentence, the order is perfectly natural Latin, even though an English learner might expect something more like:

• Nos ambulamus cum magistra in oppidum et forum intramus

That would still be understandable, but Latin style often puts words where they sound best or where the writer wants emphasis.

Good observation. With regular nouns, cum usually comes before the noun:

• cum magistra
• cum puero

But with personal pronouns, Latin usually attaches cum after the pronoun:

• mecum = with me
• tecum = with you
• nobiscum = with us
• vobiscum = with you all

So cum magistra is exactly what you should expect with a noun.

Classical Latin does not have articles like English the and a/an.

So a noun like forum can mean:

• a forum
• the forum

and oppidum can mean:

• a town
• the town

You decide from context which English article fits best.

This is one of the first big differences English speakers notice when learning Latin.

Yes. The sentence could simply be:

• Cum magistra in oppidum ambulamus et forum intramus.

That would still be a complete and correct sentence, because the verb endings already tell you the subject is we.

Latin often omits subject pronouns unless they are needed for emphasis, contrast, or clarity.

Either can be right.

Latin present tense often covers both ideas:

• we walk
• we are walking

English chooses between those based on context and style, but Latin usually just uses the present tense.

So ambulamus does not force only one of those translations.

Et means and.

It joins the two actions:

• ambulamus
• intramus

So the sentence presents two coordinated actions done by the same subject:

• first walking into the town
• then entering the forum

It is a very common coordinating conjunction in Latin.