Learn Hardcore Indonesian: Pada tahap kedua, kami menulis rangkuman lagi supaya semua orang paham. - In the second stage, we write a summary again so that everyone understands.

Pada tahap kedua = more formal/neutral, common in writing.
Di tahap kedua = more colloquial, common in speech. Functionally they mean the same here. Use pada when you want a slightly more careful or written tone.

Why is it kedua and not ke dua?

Ordinal numbers are written with the prefix ke- attached to the number, no space: kedua, ketiga, keempat. If you use digits, write ke-2, ke-3, with a hyphen. Note that “first” is irregular: pertama (not kepersatu).

Does menulis mean “wrote” (past) or “write” (present)?

It could be either. Indonesian doesn’t mark tense on the verb. Context or time markers make it clear:

Past: kami sudah menulis, tadi kami menulis
Progressive: kami sedang menulis
Future: kami akan menulis Here, Pada tahap kedua sets a stage in a sequence, but not a tense.

What’s the difference between kami and kita?

kami = “we” excluding the listener.
kita = “we” including the listener. So kami menulis means the speaker’s group (not including you) wrote; kita menulis would include the listener.

What exactly does lagi mean here?

Here lagi means “again/another.” menulis rangkuman lagi = “write another summary” or “write a summary again.” Without more context, it can mean either “repeat the action” or “add one more.”

Does the position of lagi change the meaning?

Yes.

lagi menulis rangkuman = “(be) in the middle of writing a summary” (progressive).
menulis rangkuman lagi = “write another summary / write a summary again.”
menulis lagi (no object) = “write again.” Avoid menulis lagi rangkuman; it sounds odd. Place lagi before the verb for progressive, or after the object to mean “again/another.”

Is rangkuman the same as ringkasan?

Largely yes; both mean “summary.”

ringkasan is very common and slightly more formal.
rangkuman is common too, often in school/notes contexts. In most contexts they’re interchangeable: menulis ringkasan/rangkuman.

Can I say menuliskan rangkuman instead of menulis rangkuman?

You can. menuliskan (with -kan) can highlight the thing written or a beneficiary (e.g., “write (it) for someone”). In everyday use, menulis rangkuman is simpler and most common. Use menuliskan when you also mention a recipient: menuliskan rangkuman untuk semua orang.

Why use supaya and not untuk? Aren’t they both “to/for”?

They express different kinds of purpose:

supaya/agar/biar + clause (with its own subject) = “so that/in order that.” Example: supaya semua orang paham.
untuk + noun/verb (non-finite) = “for/to (do something).” Example: untuk membuat semua orang paham. So untuk semua orang paham (a finite clause) is ungrammatical; use supaya/agar there.

What’s the difference between supaya, agar, and biar?

All mean “so that,” but register differs:

agar = formal.
supaya = neutral.
biar = informal/colloquial. It can also mean “let/allow.”

Why use paham instead of memahami or mengerti?

paham is a stative predicate (“understand/be clear to [someone]”): semua orang paham = “everyone understands.” No object needed.
memahami is transitive (“to understand [something]”): semua orang memahami penjelasan.
mengerti is close to paham; ngerti is the casual form. Passive forms like dipahami focus on what is understood: agar penjelasan dipahami semua orang.

Can paham take an object? How to say “understand the summary”?

Use a transitive verb:

memahami ringkasan or mengerti ringkasan. You might see formal paham akan/terhadap X, but in everyday use, prefer memahami/mengerti + object.

Is supaya semua orang paham a full clause?

Yes. semua orang is the subject, paham is the predicate. supaya introduces the purpose/result clause.

Why not semua orang-orang?

Plural is not doubled when using quantifiers like semua. Say semua orang, not semua orang-orang. Use orang-orang by itself if you just mean “people” (without semua).

Can I say semuanya instead of semua orang?

If the group is known from context, yes: supaya semuanya paham = “so that they all understand.” semuanya is “all (of them).” For a general “everyone,” semua orang is clearer.

Do I need the comma after Pada tahap kedua?

It’s optional. A comma after a fronted adverbial like Pada tahap kedua is common and helps readability, but many writers omit it.

Can I drop pada and start with Tahap kedua, ...?

In speech, yes: Tahap kedua, kami… is fine for topical emphasis. In careful writing, Pada tahap kedua (or colloquially Di tahap kedua) reads more natural.

How can I make the time reference clearly past or future?

Add markers:

Past: Pada tahap kedua, kami sudah menulis rangkuman lagi…
Future: Pada tahap kedua, kami akan menulis rangkuman lagi… You can also add time words like tadi/kemarin/nanti for clarity.

How would a more formal rewording look?

Examples:

Active: Pada tahap kedua, kami menyusun ringkasan kembali agar semua orang dapat memahaminya.
Passive: Pada tahap kedua, ringkasan disusun kembali agar semua orang dapat memahaminya. Here kembali is a formal alternative to lagi, and memahaminya (“understand it”) avoids leaving the object implicit.