Η γιατρός είπε να παίρνω μία δόση το πρωί και άλλη μία δόση το βράδυ μετά το φαγητό.

Because γιατρός is one of those Greek nouns that often keeps the same basic noun form for both a male and a female doctor. The gender is shown by the article:

• ο γιατρός = the male doctor
• η γιατρός = the female doctor

So in this sentence, Η γιατρός tells you the doctor is female.

είπε να + verb is a very common Greek pattern meaning something like:

• said to...
• said that someone should...
• told someone to...

So Η γιατρός είπε να παίρνω... means the doctor said that I should take...

If you used είπε ότι..., that would usually introduce a more straightforward statement: she said that...
But είπε να... often gives the sense of instruction, advice, or direction.

Yes. παίρνω is the 1st person singular form, so literally it is I take.

In this structure, είπε να παίρνω, it means:

• she told me to take
• she said I should take

Greek often leaves out the pronoun εγώ because the verb ending already shows the subject. So παίρνω by itself already tells you the subject is I.

This is an important Greek aspect difference.

• να παίρνω = imperfective aspect
  This suggests a repeated, ongoing, or habitual action.
• να πάρω = perfective aspect
  This usually suggests a single, complete action.

Here the doctor is talking about a repeated routine: one dose in the morning and another in the evening. So να παίρνω is the natural choice because it means something like to keep taking / to take regularly.

Because δόση is a feminine noun.

Greek one changes according to gender:

• ένας for masculine nouns
• μία / μια for feminine nouns
• ένα for neuter nouns

Since δόση is feminine, you say:

• μία δόση = one dose

They mean the same thing here. Μία and μια are two spellings of the feminine form of one / a.

In many everyday contexts, μια is very common and natural.
μία can sometimes look a bit more careful or explicit in writing, and it can also help make the stress clearer.

So in this sentence, μία δόση and μια δόση are both fine.

άλλη means another or one more.

So:

• μία δόση = one dose
• άλλη μία δόση = another dose

This is a very common Greek way to say another one:

• άλλος ένας for masculine
• άλλη μία for feminine
• άλλο ένα for neuter

Since δόση is feminine, we get άλλη μία δόση.

Yes, very possibly.

Greek often allows that kind of omission when the meaning is obvious. So you could also hear:

• μία δόση το πρωί και άλλη μία το βράδυ

That would still clearly mean one dose in the morning and another one in the evening.

Including δόση again just makes the sentence a little more explicit or balanced.

Yes, literally they do mean the morning and the evening, but in Greek these expressions are very commonly used adverbially:

• το πρωί = in the morning
• το βράδυ = in the evening / at night

This is just how Greek expresses time in many cases. The article is normal and expected here.

Other examples:

• το μεσημέρι = at noon / in the afternoon
• το απόγευμα = in the afternoon
• τη νύχτα = at night

Because Greek often expresses time without a separate preposition where English would use in, at, or on.

So Greek naturally says:

• το πρωί = in the morning
• το βράδυ = in the evening

You do not need a preposition here. This is just a standard Greek time expression.

μετά is a preposition meaning after, and it takes the accusative case in Modern Greek.

So:

• μετά = after
• το φαγητό = the meal / the food / eating

Together:

• μετά το φαγητό = after the meal / after food / after eating

This is a very common phrase in instructions, especially medical ones.

As written, it most directly attaches to the second part:

• άλλη μία δόση το βράδυ μετά το φαγητό

So the most immediate reading is another dose in the evening after food.

However, in real life, context matters. If the doctor’s intended meaning was take both doses after food, Greek might express that more clearly in a different way.

So a learner should know this sentence may sound slightly ambiguous out of context, even if the intended meaning is clear from the situation.

Yes, Greek word order is more flexible than English word order. The sentence as given is perfectly natural, but other versions are also possible.

For example, Greek could rearrange parts for emphasis, such as putting μετά το φαγητό earlier or omitting the repeated δόση.

The given order is natural because it presents the instruction step by step:

1. the doctor said
2. I should take
3. one dose in the morning
4. another dose in the evening
5. after food

So the current word order is clear and practical, especially for instructions.

Literally, φαγητό often means food, but in expressions like μετά το φαγητό it is commonly understood as:

• after eating
• after the meal
• after food

In medical instructions, it usually means after you have eaten, not just after the food in a literal object sense.

Yes. παίρνω is a very common Greek verb with many meanings depending on context, such as:

• take
• get
• receive
• pick up

But in medical contexts, παίρνω is the normal verb for taking medicine:

• παίρνω φάρμακα = I take medicine
• παίρνω μία δόση = I take one dose

So here the meaning is specifically the medical one.

Greek does not always need to state that explicitly if it is already clear from the verb form.

In είπε να παίρνω, the form παίρνω shows that the person taking the medicine is I. So the meaning the doctor told me to take is understood without needing μου.

If a speaker wanted to make it more explicit, Greek could sometimes use other wording, but the sentence as given is perfectly natural.

It is basically neutral everyday Greek, and it sounds very natural for spoken or written medical advice.

Words like:

• γιατρός
• δόση
• το πρωί
• το βράδυ
• μετά το φαγητό

are all standard and common. So this is not overly formal, but it is also perfectly appropriate in a medical setting.