Η παλάμη μου είναι καλά τώρα, αλλά η φτέρνα μου πονάει όταν περπατάω πολύ.

παλάμη means the palm of the hand.

φτέρνα means the heel.

So this sentence is talking about two body parts:

• η παλάμη μου = my palm
• η φτέρνα μου = my heel

η is the feminine singular definite article, meaning the.

Both παλάμη and φτέρνα are:

• feminine
• singular
• nominative here, because they are the subjects of their clauses

So:

• η παλάμη = the palm
• η φτέρνα = the heel

Greek normally uses the definite article much more often than English does, especially with body parts.

That is the normal Greek way to say my palm and my heel.

Greek usually keeps the article even when there is a possessive word like μου:

• η παλάμη μου = my palm
• η φτέρνα μου = my heel

English does not say the my palm, but Greek does use the equivalent structure.

So the pattern is:

article + noun + possessive

• η αδερφή μου = my sister
• το χέρι μου = my hand

Because the short possessive forms like μου, σου, του, της usually come after the noun in Greek.

So:

• η παλάμη μου = my palm
• η φτέρνα μου = my heel

This is just the normal placement for these unstressed possessive words.

If you put a full possessive phrase instead, the structure changes:

• η παλάμη του παιδιού = the child’s palm

But with μου, post-position is standard.

Because καλά here means well / okay, not good as an adjective agreeing with παλάμη.

A very important distinction:

• καλή = feminine adjective, meaning good
• καλά = adverb, often meaning well, fine, okay

In Greek, είμαι καλά means I am well / I’m okay. That same idea can be extended here to a body part:
Η παλάμη μου είναι καλά τώρα = My palm is okay now / my palm is better now

If you said η παλάμη μου είναι καλή, that would sound more like my palm is good in a descriptive sense, not it is doing well now.

It is understandable and works, especially in everyday speech, but many speakers might more naturally say something like:

• Η παλάμη μου είναι καλύτερα τώρα = My palm is better now
• Η παλάμη μου έγινε καλά = My palm got better / healed
• Δεν πονάει πια η παλάμη μου = My palm doesn’t hurt anymore

So your sentence is not wrong, but in real conversation Greek often prefers a slightly different way of talking about an injury improving.

Yes, these are related forms of the verb πονάω / πονώ, meaning to hurt / to be in pain.

In your sentence:

• η φτέρνα μου πονάει = my heel hurts

πονάει is a very common 3rd person singular form:

• πονάει = it hurts / he hurts / she hurts

You may also hear:

• πονά instead of πονάει

Both are common in Modern Greek.

Compare:

• πονάω = I hurt / I am hurting
• πονάει = it hurts

Here the subject is η φτέρνα μου, so Greek uses the 3rd person singular.

Yes. That is also very common.

There are a few natural ways to express this idea in Greek:

• Η φτέρνα μου πονάει = My heel hurts
• Με πονάει η φτέρνα μου = My heel hurts me
• Πονάω στη φτέρνα = I have pain in my heel / my heel hurts

All of these are natural, but they focus slightly differently:

• Η φτέρνα μου πονάει focuses on the body part as the subject
• Με πονάει η φτέρνα μου includes me explicitly
• Πονάω στη φτέρνα makes I the subject

Yes. They are two common present-tense forms of the same verb, meaning to walk.

• περπατάω
• περπατώ

Both are correct in Modern Greek.

So:

• όταν περπατάω πολύ
• όταν περπατώ πολύ

both mean when I walk a lot.

In everyday speech, περπατάω is very common.

όταν means when.

So:

• όταν περπατάω πολύ = when I walk a lot

Greek uses the present tense here because this is a general or repeated situation, not a one-time event.

The idea is:

• whenever I walk a lot, my heel hurts

This is very similar to English:

• My heel hurts when I walk a lot

So the present tense is exactly what you would expect for a habitual meaning.

Here πολύ means a lot.

That is because it is modifying the verb περπατάω:

• περπατάω πολύ = I walk a lot

Compare:

• πολύ καλός = very good
• δουλεύω πολύ = I work a lot
• περπατάω πολύ = I walk a lot

So πολύ can mean either very or a lot, depending on what it modifies.

It is repeated because each body part has its own possessive phrase:

• η παλάμη μου
• η φτέρνα μου

This is the clearest and most natural way to say it.

If you left out the second μου, the sentence might still be understood from context, but it would sound less complete. Greek usually repeats the possessive when it belongs separately to each noun.

So this sentence is nicely balanced:

• Η παλάμη μου ... αλλά η φτέρνα μου ...

Yes. Greek word order is more flexible than English word order.

Your sentence:

• Η παλάμη μου είναι καλά τώρα, αλλά η φτέρνα μου πονάει όταν περπατάω πολύ.

Other possible arrangements could be:

• Τώρα η παλάμη μου είναι καλά, αλλά η φτέρνα μου πονάει όταν περπατάω πολύ.
• Η φτέρνα μου πονάει όταν περπατάω πολύ, αλλά η παλάμη μου είναι καλά τώρα.

But the original order is very natural:

• first statement about the palm
• then contrasting statement with αλλά = but

A rough pronunciation guide is:

I palámi mou íne kalá tóra, allá i ftérna mou ponái ótan perpatáo polí.

A few useful pronunciation points:

• η sounds like ee
• αι sounds like e in bed
• ει sounds like ee
• φτ in φτέρνα is pronounced much like ft
• the written accent shows which syllable is stressed

So the stressed syllables are:

• παλάμη
• καλά
• τώρα
• φτέρνα
• πονάει
• όταν
• περπατάω
• πολύ

It has two main clauses joined by αλλά = but:

1. Η παλάμη μου είναι καλά τώρα

   • subject: η παλάμη μου
   • verb: είναι
   • complement: καλά
   • time word: τώρα

2. η φτέρνα μου πονάει όταν περπατάω πολύ

   • subject: η φτέρνα μου
   • verb: πονάει
   • time/condition clause: όταν περπατάω πολύ

So the full sentence means:

• first clause: one thing is better now
• second clause: another thing still hurts under a certain condition

That contrast is marked by αλλά.