Η νύφη έδειξε το δαχτυλίδι στη γιαγιά της, και εκείνη συγκινήθηκε πολύ.

Not always. Η νύφη can mean either the bride or the daughter-in-law in Modern Greek.

Context tells you which one is meant. In this sentence, because of the ring and the emotional reaction, the bride is the natural reading.

Έδειξε is the aorist tense, third person singular, from δείχνω.

So:

• δείχνω = I show / I am showing
• έδειξε = he/she/it showed

The Greek aorist usually presents the action as a single completed event, so here it means that the bride showed the ring at that moment.

That έ- is the augment, a common feature of Greek past tenses.

Many verbs add this extra vowel in past forms, especially in the aorist and imperfect:

• δείχνω → έδειξε
• γράφω → έγραψε

So the έ- helps mark the verb as past.

Το δαχτυλίδι is the direct object of the verb, so it is in the accusative case.

However, δαχτυλίδι is a neuter noun, and in the singular, neuter nouns usually have the same form in the nominative and accusative:

• nominative: το δαχτυλίδι
• accusative: το δαχτυλίδι

So even though it is the object here, its form does not change.

Στη is the contracted form of σε + τη.

So:

• σε τη γιαγιά → στη γιαγιά

Here σε means to, and the phrase means to the grandmother.

In this sentence:

• έδειξε το δαχτυλίδι στη γιαγιά της = she showed the ring to her grandmother

Here της means her.

Greek often expresses possession with a short unstressed pronoun placed after the noun:

• η γιαγιά της = her grandmother
• το σπίτι μου = my house
• ο αδερφός του = his brother

So στη γιαγιά της literally means to the grandmother her, but in natural English that is to her grandmother.

Most naturally, της refers to the bride.

So the meaning is:

• the bride showed the ring to her grandmother

In a larger context, της could sometimes refer to another female person already known from the conversation, but if you only look at this sentence, the normal interpretation is that it means the bride’s grandmother.

Greek very often omits subject pronouns, because the verb ending already tells you the person and number.

So Greek could simply say:

• ...και συγκινήθηκε πολύ

But in this sentence there are two feminine people already mentioned:

• η νύφη
• η γιαγιά

Because of that, adding εκείνη helps make it clearer which one is being talked about. It also adds a slight sense of contrast, roughly like that one or she, the other one.

In normal reading, yes, that is the intended referent.

Greek uses εκείνη here to point to the second female person, the one who was shown the ring, namely the grandmother. It helps avoid confusion with the bride.

So the sentence is understood as:

• the bride showed the ring to her grandmother, and the grandmother was very moved

Here εκείνη is being used as a pronoun.

Its basic form is also the feminine singular of the demonstrative εκείνος, εκείνη, εκείνο, which often means that or that one.

In this sentence, it functions almost like:

• that one
• she

But with a stronger pointing or contrastive effect than a simple English she.

Συγκινήθηκε is the aorist, third person singular, from συγκινούμαι or from the passive/middle form related to συγκινώ.

Greek often uses these middle/passive-type forms for experiences and emotional reactions. So:

• συγκινήθηκε = she was moved / she got emotional

The ending -θηκε looks passive, and in English the translation often is passive too: was moved. But the important thing for a learner is that this is the normal Greek way to express that emotional reaction.

It can correspond to either, depending on how you translate naturally.

In συγκινήθηκε πολύ, πολύ means:

• very
• a lot
• very much

So natural English versions include:

• she was very moved
• she was moved a lot
• she got very emotional

With verbs, πολύ often works like a lot / very much, but in smooth English very moved is usually the best choice here.