Apud la pordo staras rubujo, do ne forĵetu la paperon sur la plankon.

Esperanto word order is fairly flexible. The most neutral order would be Rubujo staras apud la pordo, but Apud la pordo staras rubujo is also completely normal.

This word order puts the location first, as if saying:

By the door, there stands a trash can.

So the speaker is emphasizing where it is before saying what is there.

Staras means stands. Esperanto often uses position verbs more literally than English does.

So:

• estas rubujo = there is a trash can
• staras rubujo = a trash can is standing there

With objects like a bin, bottle, lamp, or tree, staras is very natural if the thing is upright. English often just says there is, but Esperanto may prefer a more concrete verb.

Apud means next to, beside, or by.

So Apud la pordo means:

• by the door
• next to the door
• beside the door

It shows nearby position, not motion.

La is the definite article, meaning the.

So la pordo = the door.

In this sentence, the speaker means a specific door, probably the one in the room or the one both speaker and listener can identify. Esperanto uses la much like English uses the.

Rubujo can be broken down like this:

• rub- / rubo = trash, rubbish
• -uj- = container, holder
• -o = noun ending

So rubujo literally means something like trash-container.

In everyday English, that would be:

• trash can
• wastebasket
• bin

Do means so, therefore, or thus.

It connects the two parts of the sentence:

• There is a trash can by the door,
• so don’t throw the paper on the floor.

So do shows a logical result or conclusion.

Forĵetu is the -u verb form, which is used for commands, requests, and instructions.

Examples:

• Ĵetu! = Throw!
• Ne ĵetu! = Don’t throw!
• Forĵetu! = Throw it away!
• Ne forĵetu! = Don’t throw it away!

So ne forĵetu is a negative command: don’t throw away.

The verb ĵeti means to throw.

The prefix for- adds the sense of away.

So:

• ĵeti = to throw
• forĵeti = to throw away

That is why ne forĵetu la paperon means don’t throw away the paper.

The -n ending marks the direct object in Esperanto.

Here:

• la papero = the paper
• la paperon = the paper, as the thing being thrown

The action of forĵeti is done to the paper, so papero takes the accusative -n.

This is a very common question.

In Esperanto, -n is used not only for direct objects, but also for direction or movement toward a place.

Compare:

• sur la planko = on the floor, located there
• sur la plankon = onto the floor, toward the floor

Because forĵetu involves motion, sur la plankon means onto the floor.

Even if English says on the floor, Esperanto often uses sur la plankon after a motion verb because the idea is throw it onto the floor.

Usually sur la plankon is better here, because throwing involves motion toward the floor.

• sur la planko focuses on location: the paper is on the floor
• sur la plankon focuses on direction: the paper is thrown onto the floor

So in this sentence, sur la plankon is the natural choice.

Using la suggests a specific piece of paper, or at least a paper relevant in the situation, such as the one the listener is holding.

So:

• paperon = paper / a paper
• la paperon = the paper

In practical speech, this often means the paper you have, that paper, or the piece of paper we’re talking about.

Yes. That is a very close literal translation.

Word by word:

• Apud = by / next to
• la pordo = the door
• staras = stands
• rubujo = trash can

So literally:

By the door stands a trash can.

But in natural English, you might more often say:

There’s a trash can by the door.

Yes, it is very natural.

It sounds like a normal practical instruction:

Apud la pordo staras rubujo, do ne forĵetu la paperon sur la plankon.

A speaker is pointing out that there is a bin available, so the listener should not throw paper onto the floor. The vocabulary, word order, and grammar are all standard and idiomatic.