Het bloeden is gestopt, maar mijn vinger is nog gevoelig.

Here, bloeden is being used as a noun-like infinitive, not as a normal verb. Dutch often uses an infinitive with het to mean the act of ....

So:

• bloeden = to bleed
• het bloeden = the bleeding

This is very common in Dutch:

• het eten = the eating / the food
• het lezen = the reading
• het wachten = the waiting

So Het bloeden is gestopt means The bleeding has stopped.

Nominalized infinitives in Dutch normally take het, not de.

So when a verb is turned into a noun in this way, it is treated as a neuter noun:

• het bloeden
• het lopen
• het schrijven

That is why het bloeden is correct.

Because stoppen here is intransitive and expresses a change of state: the bleeding comes to an end by itself. In Dutch, many verbs of change of state form the perfect tense with zijn.

So:

• Het bloeden is gestopt = the bleeding has stopped

Compare that with a transitive use, where something is being stopped by someone:

• Hij heeft de machine gestopt = he stopped the machine

So the choice between zijn and hebben depends on how the verb is being used.

Grammatically, it is the past participle of stoppen. Together with is, it forms the perfect tense: is gestopt.

At the same time, past participles after zijn can feel a bit adjective-like because they describe a resulting state. In this sentence, the main idea is:

• the bleeding has stopped
• and therefore it is now in a stopped state

But the basic grammar is still the perfect tense of stoppen.

Because maar is a coordinating conjunction, not a subordinating conjunction.

After maar, Dutch keeps normal main-clause word order, where the finite verb stays in second position:

• Het bloeden is gestopt, maar mijn vinger is nog gevoelig

Compare that with a subordinating conjunction such as omdat, where the verb goes to the end:

• ... omdat mijn vinger nog gevoelig is

So maar does not push the verb to the end.

Nog means still here.

So:

• mijn vinger is gevoelig = my finger is sensitive / tender
• mijn vinger is nog gevoelig = my finger is still sensitive / tender

It shows that the sensitivity continues even though the bleeding has already stopped.

Yes. Nog steeds is also possible:

• Mijn vinger is nog steeds gevoelig

This means almost the same thing, but nog steeds can sound a little more emphatic, like still, even now.

In everyday speech, nog is often enough. Both are natural.

Because gevoelig is a predicate adjective here: it comes after is and describes the subject.

Predicate adjectives in Dutch do not take the -e ending:

• mijn vinger is gevoelig

But when the adjective comes before the noun, it usually does take -e:

• mijn gevoelige vinger = my sensitive finger
• een gevoelige plek = a sensitive spot

So:

• after zijn: gevoelig
• before a noun: often gevoelige

In this sentence, gevoelig means something like:

• sensitive
• tender
• sore to the touch

It does not mean emotionally sensitive here.

With body parts, gevoelig often means the area is still a bit painful, tender, or easily irritated. So mijn vinger is nog gevoelig suggests the finger still hurts a bit or reacts painfully when touched.

Because mijn already functions as a determiner, so you do not add de or een before it.

So Dutch says:

• mijn vinger
• jouw hand
• zijn arm

Not:

• de mijn vinger
• een mijn vinger

This works the same way as in English: my finger, not the my finger.

Yes, but the nuance is a little different.

• het bloeden focuses on the process or act of bleeding
• de bloeding is a regular noun meaning the bleed or the hemorrhage, and can sound more medical

So both can be correct depending on context:

• Het bloeden is gestopt = the bleeding has stopped
• De bloeding is gestopt = the bleed / hemorrhage has stopped

In an everyday situation involving a cut finger, het bloeden sounds very natural.

Yes. Vinger is a de noun:

• de vinger
• mijn vinger
• een vinger

You can tell that the underlying noun is a de word even though the article is not visible here because mijn replaces it.

Yes, it sounds natural and idiomatic.

It has a very normal spoken rhythm:

• Het bloeden is gestopt = one problem is over
• maar mijn vinger is nog gevoelig = but the finger still hurts or is tender

A Dutch speaker would easily say this after a small injury such as a cut or scraped finger.