Jeg bliver nervøs, hvis en patient foran mig ser meget syg ud.

Bliver nervøs means become nervous / get nervous, while er nervøs means am nervous.

So:

• Jeg bliver nervøs = I get nervous / I become nervous
• Jeg er nervøs = I am nervous

In this sentence, Danish focuses on the change of state: seeing the patient makes the speaker become nervous.

Yes. Hvis means if and introduces a condition.

So:

• hvis en patient foran mig ser meget syg ud = if a patient in front of me looks very ill

It works much like English if in this kind of sentence.

En patient means a patient, while patienten means the patient.

Here the sentence is talking about any patient in that situation, not one specific patient already identified. That is why Danish uses the indefinite form:

• en patient = a patient
• patienten = the patient

Foran mig means in front of me.

It is made up of:

• foran = in front of
• mig = me

So en patient foran mig means a patient in front of me.

Because Danish uses the object form after a preposition.

• jeg = I
• mig = me

Since foran is a preposition, it must be followed by mig, not jeg.

Compare:

• Jeg bliver nervøs = I get nervous
• foran mig = in front of me

This is similar to English: we say in front of me, not in front of I.

Because se ud is a fixed verb expression in Danish meaning look / appear.

In main clauses, Danish often splits this kind of verb:

• Han ser træt ud = He looks tired
• Patienten ser meget syg ud = The patient looks very ill

Here:

• ser = the conjugated verb
• ud = a particle that belongs with se

Together, se ud gives the meaning to look / appear.

More or less, yes, if you break it apart word-for-word. But you should learn se ud as one unit meaning look / appear.

So:

• ser ... ud = looks / appears
• ser meget syg ud = looks very sick / appears very ill

It is better not to translate it too literally.

Because after hvis, Danish uses subordinate clause word order.

In this clause:

• hvis en patient foran mig ser meget syg ud

the subject en patient foran mig comes before the verb ser.

That is normal for a subordinate clause introduced by hvis.

A useful point for learners: in subordinate clauses, Danish also keeps words like ikke after the verb. For example:

• hvis en patient ikke ser syg ud = if a patient does not look ill

Because syg agrees with the noun it describes here.

En patient is:

• singular
• common gender (en-word)

So the adjective is in its basic form:

• en syg patient = a sick patient
• en patient ser syg ud = a patient looks sick

Other forms are used in other contexts:

• et sygt barn = a sick child
• syge patienter = sick patients

Meget means very here, so meget syg means very ill / very sick.

Danish often uses meget before adjectives to intensify them:

• meget træt = very tired
• meget glad = very happy
• meget syg = very ill

Yes, depending on context. Nervøs often means nervous, but in some situations it can also feel close to anxious or worried.

In this sentence, Jeg bliver nervøs most naturally means:

• I get nervous
• possibly I become anxious

The exact English choice depends on context.

It most naturally describes patient here:

• en patient foran mig = a patient in front of me

So the structure is:

• Jeg bliver nervøs
• hvis [en patient foran mig] ser meget syg ud

It tells you which patient: the one in front of the speaker.

Sometimes, but the meaning changes slightly.

• hvis = if
• når = when / whenever

So:

• Jeg bliver nervøs, hvis ... = I get nervous if ...
• Jeg bliver nervøs, når ... = I get nervous when / whenever ...

Use hvis for a condition. Use når for something that happens when the situation occurs, often more regularly or as a general pattern.

It has two parts:

1. Main clause:
   Jeg bliver nervøs
   = I get nervous

2. Conditional subordinate clause:
   hvis en patient foran mig ser meget syg ud
   = if a patient in front of me looks very ill

So the full pattern is:

main clause + hvis-clause

This is a very common sentence structure in Danish.